2019 年 06 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 1 套）

Questions __26__ to __35__ are based on the following passage.

The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000

miles away. It has __26__ from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where

self-driving vehicles are

coming into life.

In a __27__ to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have

introduced

__28__ that could make their state the best place in the country, if not

the world, to develop

self-driving vehicles and put them on the road.

"Michigan's __29__ in auto research and development is under attack from

several

states and countries which desire to __30__ our leadership in

transportation. We can't let

happen," says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead __31__ of four bills recently

introduced.

If all four bills pass as written, they would __32__ a substantial update

of Michigan's

2013 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions.

Manufacturer would have nearly total freedom to test their self-driving technology on

public roads. They would be allowed to send groups of self-driving cars on cross-state

road trips, and even set on-demand __33__. of self-driving cars, like the

one General

Motors and Lyft are building.

Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial

application of self-driving technology. In __34__ , California, home of

Silicon Valley,

recently proposed far more __35__ rules that would require human drivers

be ready to take

the wheel, and commercial use of self-driving technology.

In the classic marriage vow (誓约), couples promise to stay together in sickness and

in health. But a new study finds that the risk of divorce among older couples rises when

the wife-not the husband—becomes seriously ill.

"Married women diagnosed with a serious health condition may find themselves

struggling with the impact of their disease while also experiencing the stress of divorce,"

said researcher Amelia Karraker.

Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham analyzed 20 years of data on 2,717 marriages

from a study conducted by Indiana University since 1992. At the time of the first

interview, at least one of the partners was over the age of 50.

The researchers examined how the onset (发生) of four serious physical illnesses

affected marriages. They found that, overall, 31 % of marriages ended in divorce over the

period studied. The incidence of new chronic (慢性的) illness onset increased over time

as will, with more husbands than wives developing serious health problems.

"We found that women are doubly vulnerable to marital break-up in the face of

illness," Karraker said. "They're more likely to be widowed, and if they're the ones who

become ill, they're more likely to get divorced."

While the study didn't assess why divorce is more likely when wives but not

husbands become seriously ill, Karraker offers a few possible reasons. "Gender norms

and social expectations about caregiving may make it more difficult for men to provide

care to sick spouses," Karraker said. "And because of the imbalance in marriage markets,

especially in older ages, divorced men have more choices among prospective partners

than divorced women."

Given the increasing concern about health care costs for the aging population,

Karraker believes policymakers should be aware of the relationship between disease and

risk of divorce.

"Offering support services to spouses caring for their other halves may reduce

marital stress and prevent divorce at older ages," she said. "But it's also important to

recognize that the pressure to divorce may be health-related and that sick ex-wives may

need additional care and services to prevent worsening health and increased health costs."

If you were like most children, you probably got upset when your mother called you

by a sibling's (兄弟姐妹的) name. How could she not know you? Did it mean she loved

you less?

Probably not. According to the first research to tackle this topic head-on, misnaming

the most familiar people in our life is a common cognitive (认知的) error that has to do

with how our memories classify and store familiar names.

The study, published online in April in the journal Memory and Cognition, found

that the "wrong" name is not random but is invariably fished out from the same

relationship pond: children, siblings, friends. The study did not examine the possibility of

deep psychological significance to the mistake, says psychologist David Rubin, "but it

does tell us who's in and who's out of the group."

The study also found that within that group, misnamings occurred where the names

shared initial or internal sounds, like Jimmy and Joanie or John and Bob. Physical

resemblance between people was not a factor. Nor was gender.

The researchers conducted five separate surveys of more than 1,700 people. Some of

the surveys included only college students; others were done with a mixed-age population.

Some asked subjects about incidents where someone close to them—family or

friend—had called them by another person's name. The other surveys asked about times

when subjects had themselves called someone close to them by the wrong name. All the

surveys found that people mixed up names within relationship groups such as

grandchildren, friends and siblings but hardly ever crossed these boundaries.

In general, the study found that undergraduates were almost as likely as old people to

make this mistake and men as likely as women. Older people and this mistake and men as

likely as women. Older people and women made the mistake slightly more often, but that

may be because grandparents have more grandchildren to mix up than parents have

children. Also, mothers may call on their children more often than fathers, given

traditional gender norms. There was no evidence that errors occurred more when the

misnamer was frustrated, tired or angry.