2017年考研英语二阅读 Text 2 原文翻译及答案解析

With so much focus on children's use of screens, it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. "Tech is designed to really suck you in," says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, "and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine."

由于过多关注孩子使用屏幕，父母很容易忽视自己的屏幕使用。珍妮·拉德斯基在她的数字游戏研究中说：“科技旨在真正吸引你，数字产品旨在促进最大程度的参与。这使得很难脱离，并导致大量渗透到家庭日常生活中。”

Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who used devices during the exercise started 20 per cent fewer verbal and 39 per cent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.

拉德斯基通过让母子对进行食物测试练习，研究了用餐时间使用手机和平板电脑的情况。她发现，在练习中使用设备的母亲与孩子的语言互动减少了百分之二十，非语言互动减少了百分之三十九。在另一次观察中，她看到手机成为家庭紧张关系的来源。父母在看电子邮件时，孩子们会兴奋地争取他们的注意力。

Infants are wired to look at parents' faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive — as they often are when absorbed in a device — it can be extremely disconcerting for the children. Radesky cites the "still face experiment" devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback: The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention. "Parents don't have to be exquisitely present at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child's verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky.

婴儿天生就会看着父母的脸来试图理解他们的世界，如果那些脸是空白且无反应的——就像他们沉浸在设备中时那样——对孩子来说可能非常不安。拉德斯基引用了发展心理学家埃德·特罗尼克在1970年代设计的“静止脸实验”。在这个实验中，一位母亲被要求先以正常方式与孩子互动，然后摆出空白表情，不给予任何视觉社交反馈：当孩子试图吸引母亲的注意力时，她变得越来越痛苦。拉德斯基说：“父母不必时刻完美在场，但需要平衡，并且父母需要对孩子语言或非语言的情感需求表达做出回应和敏感。”

On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids' use of screens are born out of an "oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting" with their children: "It's based on a somewhat fantasised, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you're failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them." Tronick believes that just because a child isn't learning from the screen doesn't mean there's no value to it — particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets them be more available to their child the rest of the time.

另一方面，特罗尼克本人担心，对孩子使用屏幕的担忧源于一种“压迫性意识形态，要求父母应始终与孩子互动”：“它基于一种有点幻想的、非常白人、非常中上层阶级的意识形态，认为如果你未能让孩子接触三万个单词，就是在忽视他们。”特罗尼克认为，仅仅因为孩子没有从屏幕中学习，并不意味着它没有价值——特别是如果它给父母时间洗澡、做家务或简单地休息一下远离孩子。他说，父母可以从使用设备与朋友交谈或完成一些工作中获得很多好处。这可以让他们感到更快乐，从而在其余时间里更能陪伴孩子。