2019年考研英语二阅读 Text 1 原文翻译及答案解析

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren't born knowing how to say "I'm sorry"; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends - and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.

与所谓的悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等基本情绪不同，内疚出现得稍晚一些，与孩子对社会及道德规范的逐渐理解相伴。孩子并非生来就知道如何说“对不起”；相反，他们随着时间推移学会，这样的声明能安抚父母、朋友——以及他们自己的良心。这就是为什么研究人员通常认为所谓的道德内疚，如果程度适当，是一件好事。

In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable - it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. "There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," says Amrisha Yaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary — feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.

当然，在流行观念中，内疚仍然名声不佳。它令人深感不适——就像是穿着一件缀满石头的夹克在情绪上。然而，这种理解已经过时了。弗吉尼亚大学心理学研究员阿姆里沙·雅伊什说：“对内疚是什么以及内疚能发挥什么作用，出现了一种复兴或重新思考。”她补充说，这种复兴是更大范围内认识到情绪并非非此即彼的一部分——在某种情境下有利的情绪，在另一种情境下可能有害。例如，嫉妒和愤怒可能是为了提醒我们重要的不平等。过度的快乐也可能具有破坏性。

And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.

而且，内疚通过促使我们更深入地思考我们的善良，可以鼓励人类弥补错误并修复关系。换句话说，内疚有助于将合作的物种凝聚在一起。它是一种社会粘合剂。

Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

从这个角度看，内疚是一个机会。多伦多大学心理学教授蒂娜·马尔蒂的研究表明，内疚可能弥补情感缺陷。在多项研究中，马尔蒂和其他人证明，内疚和同情可能代表合作与分享的不同途径。一些同情心较低的孩子可能通过体验更多内疚来弥补这种不足，这能抑制他们更恶劣的冲动。反之亦然：高同情心可以替代低内疚。

In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, she rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to tum on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn't magically become more sympathetic to the other child's deprivation.

例如，在2014年的一项研究中，马尔蒂观察了244名儿童。通过照顾者评估和孩子的自我观察，她评估了每个孩子的整体同情心水平以及他们在道德违规后感受负面情绪的倾向。然后，孩子们被递上巧克力硬币，并有机会与一个匿名儿童分享。对于低同情心的孩子，他们分享多少似乎取决于他们有多倾向于感到内疚。那些易感内疚的孩子分享得更多，尽管他们并没有神奇地对另一个孩子的匮乏变得更加同情。

"That's good news, " Malti says. "We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret."

“这是个好消息，”马尔蒂说。“我们可以亲社会，因为我们造成了伤害，并且我们感到后悔。”