2017年06月六级第1套仔细阅读 Passage 1 原文翻译及答案解析

Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.

在许多领域，开放数据共享者仍然占少数。尽管许多研究人员大体上同意公开获取原始数据会加速科学发展，但大多数人不愿将自己的研究成果发布到网上。

Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository (库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects—but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.

一些社区已同意在线共享——例如，遗传学家在GenBank仓库（库）发布DNA序列，天文学家习惯于从斯隆数字巡天等望远镜获取星系和恒星的图像，该望远镜已观测到约5亿个天体——但这些仍是例外，而非惯例。历史上，科学家反对共享的原因有很多：工作量大；直到最近才出现良好的数据库；资助机构不推动共享；难以就数据格式化标准达成一致；且没有公认的方式为数据分配功劳。

But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to "shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve". Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.

但障碍正在消失，部分原因是全球期刊和资助机构鼓励科学家公开数据。去年，伦敦皇家学会在其报告中表示，科学家需要'摆脱将数据视为私人保留物的研究文化'。资助机构指出，用公共资金资助的数据应是公共信息，科学界正认识到，数据现在可以以前所未有的方式以数字形式共享。为了满足日益增长的需求，各种服务如雨后春笋般涌现，使在线发布研究成果更加便捷，并让其他研究人员能够发现和引用它们。

Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic (利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers— those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often—get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. "I'd much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions," she says. "It's important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible."

尽管呼吁共享数据往往聚焦于共享的道德优势，但这种做法并非纯粹利他的。共享数据的研究人员会获得诸多个人收益，包括与同事更多联系、提高能见度和增加引用次数。最成功的共享者——那些数据被下载和引用最多的人——会受到关注，他们的工作也会被使用。例如，多学科仓库Dryad上最受欢迎的数据集之一是关于全球木材密度的；它已被下载5700次。合著者Amy Zanne认为，用户可能从希望估算生物质中储存多少碳的气候变化研究人员，到寻找不同等级木材信息的林务员。'我更希望我的数据被尽可能多的人用来提出他们自己的问题，'她说。'让读者和审稿人确切了解你如何得出结果非常重要。发布数据和代码使你的科学可重复。'

Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.

即使数据不那么受欢迎的人也能受益。通过努力组织和标记文件以便他人理解，科学家自身会变得更加有组织和纪律性，从而避免日后出现混乱。