2017年06月六级第2套仔细阅读 Passage 2 原文翻译及答案解析

Beginning in the late sixteenth century, it became fashionable for young aristocrats to visit Paris, Venice, Florence, and above all, Rome, as the culmination (终极) of their classical education. Thus was born the idea of the Grand Tour, a practice which introduced Englishmen, Germans, Scandinavians, and also Americans to the art and culture of France and Italy for the next 300 years. Travel was arduous and costly throughout the period, possible only for a privileged class — the same that produced gentlemen scientists, authors, antique experts, and patrons of the arts.

从十六世纪末开始，年轻贵族访问巴黎、威尼斯、佛罗伦萨，尤其是罗马，作为其古典教育的终极目标，成为一种时尚。由此诞生了“大旅行”的概念，这一实践在接下来的300年中向英国人、德国人、斯堪的纳维亚人以及美国人介绍了法国和意大利的艺术与文化。整个时期的旅行既艰辛又昂贵，只可能由特权阶层承担——正是这个阶层产生了绅士科学家、作家、古董专家和艺术赞助人。

The Grand Tourist was typically a young man with a thorough grounding in Greek and Latin literature as well as some leisure time, some means, and some interest in art. The German traveler Johann Winckelmann pioneered the field of art history with his comprehensive study of Greek and Roman sculpture; he was portrayed by his friend Anton Raphael Mengs at the beginning of his long residence in Rome. Most Grand Tourists, however, stayed for briefer periods and set out with less scholarly intentions, accompanied by a teacher or guardian, and expected to return home with souvenirs of their travels as well as an understanding of art and architecture formed by exposure to great masterpieces.

大旅行者通常是一位在希腊和拉丁文学方面有扎实基础的年轻男子，同时拥有一定的闲暇时间、财力和对艺术的兴趣。德国旅行家约翰·温克尔曼通过对希腊和罗马雕塑的全面研究开创了艺术史领域；他在长期居住罗马的初期，由其朋友安东·拉斐尔·门斯描绘了肖像。然而，大多数大旅行者停留时间较短，出发时学术意图较少，由教师或监护人陪同，并期望在回国时带回旅行的纪念品，以及通过接触伟大杰作形成的对艺术和建筑的理解。

London was a frequent starting point for Grand Tourists, and Paris a compulsory destination; many traveled to the Netherlands, some to Switzerland and Germany, and a very few adventurers to Spain, Greece, or Turkey. The essential place to visit, however, was Italy. The British traveler Charles Thompson spoke for many Grand Tourists when in 1744 he described himself as "being impatiently desirous of viewing a country so famous in history, a country which once gave laws to the world, and which is at present the greatest school of music and painting, contains the noblest productions of sculpture and architecture, and is filled with cabinets of rarities, and collections of all kinds of historical relics." Within Italy, the great focus was Rome, whose ancient ruins and more recent achievements were shown to every Grand Tourist. Panini's Ancient Rome and Modern Rome represent the sights most prized, including celebrated Greco-Roman statues and views of famous ruins, fountains, and churches. Since there were few museums anywhere in Europe before the close of the eighteenth century, Grand Tourists often saw paintings and sculptures by gaining admission to private collections, and many were eager to acquire examples of Greco-Roman and Italian art for their own collections. In England, where architecture was increasingly seen as an aristocratic pursuit, noblemen often applied what they learned from the villas of Palladio in the Veneto and the evocative (唤起回忆的) ruins of Rome to their own country houses and gardens.

伦敦是大旅行者常见的起点，巴黎是必去的目的地；许多人前往荷兰，一些人前往瑞士和德国，极少数冒险者前往西班牙、希腊或土耳其。然而，最重要的地方是意大利。英国旅行家查尔斯·汤普森在1744年代表许多大旅行者表达了心声，他描述自己“急切渴望亲眼目睹这个在历史上如此著名的国家，这个曾经为世界制定法律的国家，目前是音乐和绘画的最高学府，拥有最高贵的雕塑和建筑作品，并且遍布珍品柜和各种历史文物收藏。”在意大利，主要焦点是罗马，其古代遗迹和近期成就被展示给每一位大旅行者。帕尼尼的《古代罗马》和《现代罗马》代表了最受珍视的景观，包括著名的希腊罗马雕像以及著名遗迹、喷泉和教堂的景色。由于十八世纪末之前欧洲各地博物馆稀少，大旅行者常常通过进入私人收藏来观赏绘画和雕塑，许多人渴望为自己的收藏获取希腊罗马和意大利艺术的范例。在英国，建筑日益被视为贵族追求，贵族们经常将他们在威尼托的帕拉第奥别墅和罗马令人唤起回忆的遗迹中学到的东西应用于自己的乡村住宅和花园。