2017年06月六级第2套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) The lives of children from rich and poor American families look more different than ever before.

来自富裕和贫困美国家庭的孩子们的生活看起来比以往任何时候都更加不同。

B) Well-off families are ruled by calendars, with children enrolled in ballet, soccer and after-school programs, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. There are usually two parents, who spend a lot of time reading to children and worrying about their anxiety levels and hectic schedules.

根据皮尤研究中心的一项新调查，富裕家庭的日程安排得很满，孩子们参加芭蕾舞、足球和课外项目。通常有两个家长，他们花很多时间给孩子读书，并担心他们的焦虑水平和忙碌的日程。

C) In poor families, meanwhile, children tend to spend their time at home or with extended family. They are more likely to grow up in neighborhoods that their parents say aren't great for raising children, and their parents worry about them getting shot, beaten up or in trouble with the law.

与此同时，在贫困家庭中，孩子们往往待在家里或与大家庭在一起。他们更可能成长在父母认为不适合抚养孩子的社区，父母担心他们被枪击、殴打或惹上法律麻烦。

D) The class differences in child rearing are growing — a symptom of widening inequality with far- reaching consequences. Different upbringings set children on different paths and can deepen socioeconomic divisions, especially because education is strongly linked to earnings. Children grow up learning the skills to succeed in their socioeconomic stratum (阶层), but not necessarily others.

育儿中的阶级差异正在扩大——这是不平等加剧的一个症状，具有深远的影响。不同的成长经历将孩子们引向不同的道路，并可能加深社会经济分化，尤其是因为教育与收入密切相关。孩子们在成长过程中学习在其社会经济阶层（阶层）中取得成功的技能，但不一定适用于其他阶层。

E) "Early childhood experiences can be very consequential for children's long-term social, emotional and cognitive development," said Sean Reardon, professor of poverty and inequality in education at Stanford University. "And because those influence educational success and later earnings, early childhood experiences cast a lifelong shadow." The cycle continues: Poor parents have less time and fewer resources to invest in their children, which can leave children less prepared for school and work, which leads to lower earnings.

“早期童年经历对孩子的长期社交、情感和认知发展非常重要，”斯坦福大学教育贫困与不平等教授Sean Reardon说。“而且，因为这些经历影响教育成功和后续收入，早期童年经历会投下终身阴影。”这个循环持续：贫困父母有更少的时间和资源投资于孩子，这可能导致孩子对学校和工作准备不足，从而导致较低的收入。

F) American parents want similar things for their children, the Pew report and past research have found: for them to be healthy and happy, honest and ethical, caring and compassionate. There is no best parenting style or philosophy, researchers say, and across income groups, 92% of parents say they are doing a good job at raising their children. Yet they are doing it quite differently. Middle-class and higher-income parents see their children as projects in need of careful cultivation, says Annette Lareau, whose groundbreaking research on the topic was published in her book Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race and Family Life. They try to develop their skills through close supervision and organized activities, and teach children to question authority figures and navigate elite institutions.

皮尤报告和过去的研究发现，美国父母为孩子想要相似的东西：他们健康快乐、诚实有道德、关心有同情心。研究人员说，没有最好的育儿风格或理念，在收入群体中，92%的父母认为他们在抚养孩子方面做得很好。然而，他们的方式截然不同。中产阶级和较高收入的父母将孩子视为需要精心培养的项目，Annette Lareau说，她关于这个话题的开创性研究发表在她的书《不平等的童年：阶级、种族和家庭生活》中。他们试图通过密切监督和有组织的活动来发展孩子的技能，并教导孩子质疑权威人物和应对精英机构。

G) Working-class parents, meanwhile, believe their children will naturally thrive, and give them far greater independence and time for free play. They are taught to be compliant and respectful to adults. There are benefits to both approaches. Working-class children are happier, more independent, complain less and are closer to family members, Ms. Lareau found. Higher-income children are more likely to declare boredom and expect their parents to solve their problems. Yet later on, the more affluent children end up in college and on the way to the middle class, while working-class children tend to struggle. Children from higher-income families are likely to have the skills to navigate bureaucracies and succeed in schools and workplaces, Ms. Lareau said.

与此同时，工薪阶层的父母相信他们的孩子会自然茁壮成长，并给予他们更大的独立性和自由玩耍的时间。他们被教导要顺从并尊重成年人。这两种方法都有好处。Lareau女士发现，工薪阶层的孩子更快乐、更独立、抱怨更少、更亲近家人。较高收入的孩子更可能表示无聊并期望父母解决问题。然而，后来，更富裕的孩子进入大学并走上中产阶级之路，而工薪阶层的孩子往往挣扎。来自较高收入家庭的孩子可能具备应对官僚体系并在学校和工作场所取得成功的技能，Lareau女士说。

H) "Do all parents want the most success for their children? Absolutely," she said. "Do some strategies give children more advantages than others in institutions? Probably they do. Will parents be damaging children if they have one fewer organized activity? No, I really doubt it."

“所有父母都希望孩子取得最大成功吗？绝对是的，”她说。“一些策略在机构中给孩子带来更多优势吗？可能确实如此。如果父母少组织一个活动，会损害孩子吗？不，我非常怀疑。”

I) Social scientists say the differences arise in part because low-income parents have less money to spend on music class or preschool, and less flexible schedules to take children to museums or attend school events. Extracurricular activities reflect the differences in child rearing in the Pew survey, which was of a nationally representative sample of 1,807 parents. Of families earning more that $75,000 a year, 84% say their children have participated in organized sports over the past year, 64% have done volunteer work and 62% have taken lessons in music, dance or art. Of families earning less than $30,000, 59% of children have done sports, 37% have volunteered and 41% have taken arts classes.

社会科学家说，这些差异部分是因为低收入父母没有太多钱花在音乐课或学前班上，也没有灵活的时间带孩子去博物馆或参加学校活动。皮尤调查中的课外活动反映了育儿差异，该调查基于一个全国代表性的1807名父母样本。在年收入超过75,000美元的家庭中，84%表示他们的孩子在过去一年参加了有组织的体育运动，64%做过志愿服务，62%上过音乐、舞蹈或艺术课程。在年收入低于30,000美元的家庭中，59%的孩子参加过体育运动，37%做过志愿服务，41%上过艺术课。

J) Especially in affluent families, children start young. Nearly half of high-earning, college-graduate parents enrolled their children in arts classes before they were 5, compared with one-fifth of low-income, less-educated parents. Nonetheless, 20% of well-off parents say their children's schedules are too hectic, compared with 8% of poorer parents.

特别是在富裕家庭，孩子们开始得早。近一半的高收入、大学毕业的父母在孩子5岁前就让他们参加艺术课，而低收入、教育程度较低的父母中只有五分之一。尽管如此，20%的富裕父母表示孩子的日程太忙碌，而较贫困的父母中只有8%。

K) Another example is reading aloud, which studies have shown gives children bigger vocabularies and better reading comprehension in school. 71% of parents with a college degree say they do it every day, compared with 33% of those with a high school diploma or less. White parents are more likely than others to read to their children daily, as are married parents. Most affluent parents enroll their children in preschool or day care, while low-income parents are more likely to depend on family members. Discipline techniques vary by education level: 8% of those with a postgraduate degree say they often beat their children, compared with 22% of those with a high school degree or less.

另一个例子是大声朗读，研究表明这能给孩子更大的词汇量和更好的学校阅读理解能力。71%的大学学历父母表示他们每天这样做，而高中或更低学历的父母中只有33%。白人父母比其他人更可能每天给孩子读书，已婚父母也是如此。大多数富裕父母让孩子上幼儿园或日托，而低收入父母更可能依赖家庭成员。纪律技巧因教育水平而异：8%的研究生学历父母表示他们经常打孩子，而高中或更低学历的父母中有22%。

L) The survey also probed attitudes and anxieties. Interestingly, parents' attitudes toward education do not seem to reflect their own educational background as much as a belief in the importance of education for upward mobility. Most American parents say they are not concerned about their children's grades as long as they work hard. But 50% of poor parents say it is extremely important to them that their children earn a college degree, compared with 39% of wealthier parents.

调查还探讨了态度和焦虑。有趣的是，父母对教育的态度似乎更多地反映了他们对教育对向上流动重要性的信念，而不是他们自己的教育背景。大多数美国父母表示，只要孩子努力学习，他们并不关心成绩。但50%的贫困父母表示，孩子获得大学学位对他们极其重要，而较富裕的父母中有39%。

M) Less-educated parents, and poorer and black and Latino parents are more likely to believe that there is no such thing as too much involvement in a child's education. Parents who are white, wealthy or college-educated say too much involvement can be bad. Parental anxieties reflect their circumstances. High-earning parents are much more likely to say they live in a good neighborhood for raising children. While bullying is parents' greatest concern over all, nearly half of low-income parents worry their child will get shot, compared with one-fifth of high-income parents. They are more worried about their children being depressed or anxious.

教育程度较低的父母，以及较贫困、黑人和拉丁裔父母更可能认为，在孩子的教育中没有过度参与这回事。白人、富裕或大学毕业的父母说过度参与可能有害。父母的焦虑反映了他们的处境。高收入父母更可能表示他们住在适合抚养孩子的好社区。虽然欺凌是父母总体上最大的担忧，但近一半的低收入父母担心孩子被枪击，而高收入父母中只有五分之一。他们更担心孩子抑郁或焦虑。

N) In the Pew survey, middle-class families earning between $30,000 and $75,000 a year fell right between working-class and high-earning parents on issues like the quality of their neighborhood for raising children, participation in extracurricular activities and involvement in their children's education.

在皮尤调查中，年收入在30,000到75,000美元之间的中产阶级家庭，在诸如社区质量、课外活动参与和孩子教育参与等问题上，正好介于工薪阶层和高收入父母之间。

O) Children were not always raised so differently. The achievement gap between children from high- and low-income families is 30-40% larger among children born in 2001 than those born 25 years earlier, according to Mr. Reardon's research. People used to live near people of different income levels; neighborhoods are now more segregated by income. More than a quarter of children live in single parent households — a historic high, according to Pew — and these children are three times as likely to live in poverty as those who live with married parents. Meanwhile, growing income inequality has coincided with the increasing importance of a college degree for earning a middle-class wage.

孩子们并非总是以如此不同的方式被抚养。根据Reardon先生的研究，2001年出生的孩子中，高低收入家庭之间的成就差距比25年前出生的孩子大30-40%。过去人们住在不同收入水平的人附近；现在社区更按收入隔离。超过四分之一的孩子生活在单亲家庭——根据皮尤的数据，这是历史新高——这些孩子生活在贫困中的可能性是与已婚父母生活的孩子的三倍。与此同时，收入不平等加剧的同时，大学学位对于赚取中产阶级工资的重要性也在增加。

P) Yet there are recent signs that the gap could be starting to shrink. In the past decade, even as income inequality has grown, some of the socioeconomic differences in parenting, like reading to children and going to libraries, have narrowed.

然而，最近有迹象表明，这个差距可能开始缩小。在过去十年中，尽管收入不平等加剧，但育儿中的一些社会经济差异，如给孩子读书和去图书馆，已经缩小。

Q) Public policies aimed at young children have helped, including public preschool programs and reading initiatives. Addressing differences in the earliest years, it seems, could reduce inequality in the next generation.

针对幼儿的公共政策有所帮助，包括公共学前班项目和阅读倡议。解决最早年份的差异，似乎可以减少下一代的不平等。