2020年09月六级第1套仔细阅读 Passage 1 原文翻译及答案解析

It is not controversial to say that an unhealthy diet causes bad health. Nor are the basic elements of healthy eating disputed. Obesity raises susceptibility to cancer, and Britain is the sixth most obese country on Earth. That is a public health emergency. But naming the problem is the easy part. No one disputes the costs in quality of life and depleted health budgets of an obese population, but the quest for solutions gets diverted by ideological arguments around responsibility and choice. And the water is muddied by lobbying from the industries that profit from consumption of obesity-inducing products.

说不健康的饮食导致健康问题是没有争议的。健康饮食的基本要素也没有争议。肥胖增加患癌风险，英国是世界上第六大肥胖国。这是一个公共卫生紧急状况。但指出问题所在只是容易的部分。没人会否认肥胖人群对生活质量和医疗预算消耗的成本，但寻求解决方案的努力却因围绕责任和选择的意识形态争论而偏离方向。而那些从导致肥胖的产品消费中获利的行业游说更是搅浑了水。

Historical precedent suggests that science and politics can overcome resistance from businesses that pollute and poison but it takes time, and success often starts small. So it is heartening to note that a programme in Leeds has achieved a reduction in childhood obesity, becoming the first UK city to reverse a fattening trend. The best results were among younger children and in more deprived areas. When 28% of English children aged two to 15 are obese, a national shift on the scale achieved by Leeds would lengthen hundreds of thousands of lives. A significant factor in the Leeds experience appears to be a scheme called HENRY, which helps parents reward behaviours that prevent obesity in children.

历史先例表明，科学和政治能够克服污染和毒害企业的抵抗，但这需要时间，而且成功往往从小处开始。因此，令人鼓舞的是，利兹的一个项目实现了儿童肥胖率的下降，成为英国首个扭转肥胖趋势的城市。最佳效果出现在年幼儿童和更贫困的地区。当28%的2至15岁英国儿童肥胖时，全国范围内若达到利兹所实现的规模，将能延长数十万人的生命。利兹经验的一个重要因素似乎是一个名为HENRY的计划，它帮助父母奖励防止儿童肥胖的行为。

Many members of parliament are uncomfortable even with their own government's anti-obesity strategy, since it involves a "sugar tax" and a ban on the sale of energy drinks to under-16s. Bans and taxes can be blunt instruments, but their harshest critics can rarely suggest better methods. These critics just oppose regulation itself.

许多议员甚至对本国政府的反肥胖战略感到不适，因为它涉及“糖税”和禁止向16岁以下青少年销售能量饮料。禁令和税收可能是生硬的工具，但最严厉的批评者很少能提出更好的方法。这些批评者只是反对监管本身。

The relationship between poor health and inequality is too pronounced for governments to be passive about large-scale intervention. People living in the most deprived areas are four times more prone to die from avoidable causes than counterparts in more affluent places. As the structural nature of public health problems becomes harder to ignore, the complaint about overprotective government loses potency.

健康不佳与不平等之间的关系如此明显，以至于政府不能对大规模干预持被动态度。生活在最贫困地区的人死于可避免原因的可能性是富裕地区同类人的四倍。随着公共卫生问题的结构性本质越来越难以忽视，对过度保护政府的抱怨也失去了效力。

In fact, the polarised debate over public health interventions should have been abandoned long ago. Government action works when individuals are motivated to respond. Individuals need governments that expand access to good choices. The HENRY programme was delivered in part through children's centres. Closing such centres and cutting council budgets doesn't magically increase reserves of individual self-reliance. The function of a well-designed state intervention is not to deprive people of liberty but to build social capacity and infrastructure that helps people take responsibility for their wellbeing. The obesity crisis will not have a solution devised by left or right ideology--but experience indicates that the private sector needs the incentive of regulation before it starts taking public health emergencies seriously.

事实上，关于公共卫生干预的极化争论早该被摒弃。政府行动在个人有动力响应时才有效。个人需要政府扩大获得良好选择的机会。HENRY计划部分通过儿童中心实施。关闭此类中心和削减议会预算并不能神奇地增加个人自力更生的能力。精心设计的国家干预的功能不是剥夺人们的自由，而是建设社会能力和基础设施，帮助人们对自己的健康负责。肥胖危机不会有由左翼或右翼意识形态制定的解决方案——但经验表明，私营部门需要监管的激励，才能开始认真对待公共卫生紧急状况。