2022年12月六级第2套仔细阅读 Passage 2 原文翻译及答案解析

If there's one rule that most parents cling to in the confusing, fast-changing world of kids and media, it's "No screens before age 2 ."

在孩子和媒体这个令人困惑、快速变化的世界里，如果有一个大多数父母坚持的规则，那就是“两岁前不接触屏幕”。

As of today, that rule has been thrown out the window.

从今天起，这条规则已被抛到九霄云外。

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which first issued that recommendation back in 1999, has extensively updated and revised its guidelines for children and adolescents to reflect new research and new habits.

美国儿科学会（AAP），该建议最初于1999年提出，现已广泛更新和修订其针对儿童和青少年的指南，以反映新的研究和新习惯。

The new guidelines, especially for very young children, shift the focus from WHAT is on the screen to WHO else is in the room. And in doing so, they raise some intriguing points about the future of learning from the media.

新指南，尤其是针对非常年幼的孩子，将重点从屏幕上的内容转移到房间里还有谁。这样做，它们引发了关于媒体学习未来的有趣观点。

For babies younger than 18 months, AAP still says no screens at all are the best idea—with one notable exception: Live video chat. Surveys indicate that families already popularly believe that "Face time doesn't count or at least that the benefit of virtual visits with grandparents or other relatives outweighs the potential cost of exposing babies to the laptop or smartphone.

对于18个月以下的婴儿，AAP仍然认为完全不接触屏幕是最好的主意——但有一个显著例外：实时视频聊天。调查显示，家庭普遍认为“Face time不算数，或者至少与祖父母或其他亲属的虚拟访问的好处超过了让婴儿接触笔记本电脑或智能手机的潜在成本”。

The AAP doesn't cite positive evidence that infants actually get something out of this kind of "conversation", the way that they clearly do from live social interaction. But there's some observational research that infants as young as six months old are emotionally engaged by playing live peekaboo (躲猫猫游戏) with Grandma online.

AAP没有引用积极证据表明婴儿确实能从这种“对话”中学到东西，就像他们从实时社交互动中明显学到的那样。但有一些观察性研究表明，六个月大的婴儿在与奶奶在线玩实时躲猫猫游戏时，会情感投入。

For infants and toddlers (学步儿童), ages 15 months to 2 years old, there's limited evidence from a couple of very small studies that they can learn new words from educational media, if and only if parents are watching alongside them, repeating what the video says and/or drawing attention to what is on the screen. In other words, treating a video or an app like a picture book is the best bet.

对于15个月至2岁的婴幼儿（学步儿童），一些非常小的研究提供了有限证据表明，他们可以从教育媒体中学习新单词，当且仅当父母在旁观看，重复视频内容并/或关注屏幕上的内容。换句话说，将视频或应用视为图画书是最好的选择。

The flip side of this is that many studies have actually shown poorer language skills correlated with earlier solo viewing of "educational" videos. There's also research that shows language delays in children who watch more TV and start watching earlier. In both cases, the problem seems to be media replacing interaction with people. For this reason, the new AAP guideline has changed from "avoid all screens under age 2" to "avoid solo media use in this age group."

另一方面，许多研究实际上表明，较早独自观看“教育”视频与较差的语言技能相关。还有研究显示，看电视更多且开始观看更早的儿童会出现语言延迟。在这两种情况下，问题似乎在于媒体取代了与人的互动。因此，新的AAP指南已从“避免两岁以下儿童接触所有屏幕”改为“避免该年龄段的独自媒体使用”。

For preschoolers ages 2 to 5, there's more evidence that they have the ability to transfer knowledge from screens to the real world, including early literacy and math. For this age group, AAP recommends no more than an hour a day of screen use. And, just as with younger children, they want care-givers to take part in screen time: "Co-view with your children, help children understand what they are seeing, and help them apply what they learn to the world around them."

对于2至5岁的学龄前儿童，有更多证据表明他们能够将知识从屏幕转移到现实世界，包括早期读写和数学。对于这个年龄组，AAP建议每天屏幕使用时间不超过一小时。而且，就像对更年幼的孩子一样，他们希望照顾者参与屏幕时间：“与孩子一起观看，帮助孩子理解他们所看到的内容，并帮助他们将所学应用到周围的世界。”