2022年12月六级第2套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) What do we lose when natural spaces and species disappear? Increasingly, research has shown that as species and ecosystems vanish, it also chips away at our ability to preserve what remains -- because we no longer understand what we're losing.

当自然空间和物种消失时，我们失去了什么？越来越多的研究表明，随着物种和生态系统的消失，它也削弱了我们保存剩余物的能力——因为我们不再理解我们正在失去什么。

B) You probably see it all the time. The neighbor who puts pesticides on his lawn rather than deal with annoying bees. The politician who votes against wildlife protection because she's never seen a wolf in the wild. The corporation that wants to bulldoze (用推土机推平) the habitat of a rare frog.

你可能经常看到这种情况。邻居在草坪上使用杀虫剂，而不是处理烦人的蜜蜂。政客投票反对野生动物保护，因为她从未在野外见过狼。公司想要推平一只稀有青蛙的栖息地。

C) At best this can be termed "the extinction of experience," where our cultural and natural histories fade from our memories and therefore our reality. At its worst it becomes something even more concerning: "biophobia," the fear of living things and a complete aversion to nature.

最好情况下，这可以被称为“经验的灭绝”，即我们的文化和自然历史从我们的记忆中消失，从而从现实中消失。最坏情况下，它会变成更令人担忧的东西：“生物恐惧症”，对生物的恐惧和对自然的彻底厌恶。

D) This isn't the fiction of living in a cold, empty dystopia (绝望的世界). Sadly, it's becoming a way of life for too many people—especially children. A recent study in Japan paints a striking portrait of this problem. A survey of more than 5, 300 school children in the Tochigi Prefecture examined their perception of 14 local insect species and one spider. The results? A collective "ew!" Most of the students saw the species as things to dislike or fear, or even as sources of danger. The less experience the students had with nature, the more negative their feelings.

这不是生活在冰冷、空旷的绝望世界中的虚构。可悲的是，这正成为太多人的生活方式——尤其是儿童。日本最近的一项研究描绘了这个问题的惊人画面。对栃木县5300多名学龄儿童的调查考察了他们对14种本地昆虫和一种蜘蛛的看法。结果如何？集体的“呃！”大多数学生将这些物种视为不喜欢或恐惧的东西，甚至是危险的来源。学生与自然接触越少，他们的感受就越负面。

E) The results were published earlier this year in the journal Biological Conservation. Lead researcher Masashi Soga with the University of Tokyo says the study stemmed from observations about today's nature-deficient children. "Humans inherently avoid dangerous organisms such as bees, but children these days avoid even harmless insects such as butterflies and dragonflies (蜻蜓),"he says. "I have long wondered why so many of today's children react like this."

研究结果于今年早些时候发表在《生物保护》杂志上。东京大学的首席研究员Masashi Soga表示，这项研究源于对当今缺乏自然体验的儿童的观察。“人类本能地避开危险生物如蜜蜂，但如今的孩子甚至避开无害昆虫如蝴蝶和蜻蜓，”他说。“我一直在想为什么今天这么多孩子会有这样的反应。”

F) Although the children's reactions were somewhat expected, the new study did contain an unexpected finding: Many of the surveyed children revealed that their parents also expressed fear or disgust of the same animals. In fact these parental emotions were strong enough to overwhelm any positive experiences the children might have gained from direct experiences in nature. As Soga and his coauthors wrote in their paper, "Our results suggest that there is likely a feedback loop in which an increase in people who have negative attitudes towards nature in one generation will lead to a further increase in people with similar attitudes in the next generation."

尽管孩子们的反应有些预料之中，但新研究确实包含了一个意外发现：许多受访儿童透露，他们的父母也对相同的动物表达了恐惧或厌恶。事实上，这些父母的情绪强烈到足以压倒孩子们可能从直接自然体验中获得的任何积极经历。正如Soga及其合著者在论文中写道：“我们的结果表明，很可能存在一个反馈循环，即一代人中对自然持负面态度的人增加，将导致下一代中具有类似态度的人进一步增加。”

G) And that's possibly the greater threat posed by extinction of experience. Soga suggests the generational loss- a condition previously dubbed environmental generational amnesia (遗忘) -- could chip away at our societal ability to preserve what we're losing. "I believe that increased biophobia is a major, but invisible, threat to global biodiversity," Soga says. "As the number of children who have biophobia increases, public interest and support for biodiversity conservation will gradually decline. Although many conservation biologists still consider that preventing the loss of wildlife habitat is the most important way to conserve biodiversity, I think preventing increased biophobia is also important for conservation."

而这可能是经验灭绝带来的更大威胁。Soga认为，代际损失——一种先前被称为环境代际遗忘的状况——可能削弱我们社会保存我们正在失去的东西的能力。“我相信增加的生物恐惧症是对全球生物多样性的一个重大但无形的威胁，”Soga说。“随着有生物恐惧症的儿童数量增加，公众对生物多样性保护的兴趣和支持将逐渐下降。尽管许多保护生物学家仍然认为防止野生动物栖息地丧失是保护生物多样性的最重要方式，但我认为防止生物恐惧症增加对保护也很重要。”

H) What's to be done about this? The paper makes several recommendations, the most obvious of which is that children should experience nature more often. The authors also suggest establishing policies to guide these natural experiences and increasing educational programs about the natural world.

对此该怎么做？论文提出了几点建议，最明显的是儿童应该更频繁地体验自然。作者还建议制定政策来引导这些自然体验，并增加关于自然世界的教育项目。

I) Helping parents to see species around them in a new light would make a difference, too. And, of course, maintaining support for preserving the wild spaces where these "scary" creatures live is the most important thing of all. That's a point reinforced by another recent study, which found that wild spaces located within urban areas—and the plants and animals that thrive in them—are particularly important for human health and well-being.

帮助父母以新的眼光看待他们周围的物种也会有所改变。当然，最重要的是维持对保护这些“可怕”生物居住的野生空间的支持。另一项近期研究强调了这一点，该研究发现位于城市区域内的野生空间——以及在其中繁茂的动植物——对人类健康和福祉尤为重要。

J) Published in the journal Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, the study examined attitudes toward Discovery Park, the heavily forested 534-acre public park in Seattle, Washington. It found that the public had the most appreciation for -- and gained the most value from -- the wildest parts of the park. "I have seen whales, seals, fish, eagles, shorebirds and many other sea creatures in their natural habitat," one survey participant wrote. "Coming here with people has allowed me to connect and talk with them about conversation that simply does not happen in everyday life," wrote another.

这项发表在《可持续城市前沿》杂志上的研究考察了公众对发现公园的态度，发现公园是华盛顿州西雅图市一个占地534英亩、森林茂密的公园。研究发现，公众最欣赏公园中最野生的部分，并从中获得了最大价值。“我在自然栖息地看到了鲸鱼、海豹、鱼、鹰、岸鸟和许多其他海洋生物，”一位调查参与者写道。“与人来这里让我能够与他们联系和交谈，这些对话在日常生活中根本不会发生，”另一位写道。

K) The participants reported that their most valuable experiences in the park included encountering wildlife, walking through open spaces, exploring the beach and finding beautiful views. "We saw that a large majority of participants' interactions, especially their most meaningful interactions, depended on Discovery Park's relative wildness," says lead author Elizabeth Lev, a master's student in the University of Washington's Human Interaction with Nature Lab. This is only possible because the park is relatively wild. After all, you can't enjoy watching birds if there are no birds to follow? gaze at the sunset if it's obscured by skyscrapers; or stop and smell the flowers if they don't have room to grow.

参与者报告说，他们在公园中最有价值的经历包括遇到野生动物、在开阔空间散步、探索海滩和发现美丽景色。“我们看到绝大多数参与者的互动，特别是最有意义的互动，都依赖于发现公园相对的野生状态，”首席作者、华盛顿大学人类与自然互动实验室的硕士生Elizabeth Lev说。这之所以可能，是因为公园相对野生。毕竟，如果没有鸟儿可追随，你无法享受观鸟；如果日落被摩天大楼遮挡，你无法凝视；如果花儿没有生长空间，你无法停下来闻香。

L) And yet even this long-protected space could someday become less hospitable to nature. Over the past few years a lot of people and organizations have suggested developing parts of Discovery Park or the neighboring area. Most recently a plan proposed building 34 acres of much-needed affordable housing and parking spaces adjacent to the park, bringing with them noise, traffic and pollution.

然而，即使是这个长期保护的空间，有朝一日也可能变得对自然不那么友好。过去几年，许多人和组织建议开发发现公园的部分区域或邻近地区。最近一项计划提出在公园旁边建造34英亩急需的经济适用房和停车位，带来噪音、交通和污染。

M) If anything like that happened, both the park and the people of Seattle could lose something vital. And that would continue the trend of chipping away at Seattle's—and the world's—natural spaces, leaving just tiny pocket parks and green-but-empty spaces that offer little real value to wildlife, plants or people.

如果发生任何类似的事情，公园和西雅图人民都可能失去一些至关重要的东西。这将继续削弱西雅图和世界自然空间的趋势，只留下微小的口袋公园和绿色但空旷的空间，这些空间对野生动物、植物或人类几乎没有真正的价值。

N) "It is true that any interaction with nature is better than none, but I don't want people to be satisfied with any small bit of grass and trees," Lev says. "We have been in this cycle of environmental generational amnesia for a long time, where the baseline keeps shifting and we don't even realize what we're losing until it's gone. If we can get people to understand how much meaning and value can come from having more experiences with more wild forms of nature, then maybe we can stop this cycle and move toward conserving and restoring what we have left."

“确实，与自然的任何互动都比没有好，但我不想让人们满足于任何一小片草地和树木，”Lev说。“我们一直处于这种环境代际遗忘的循环中很长时间，基线不断变化，直到失去才意识到我们在失去什么。如果能让人们理解与更多野生自然形式有更多体验能带来多少意义和价值，那么也许我们能停止这个循环，走向保护和恢复我们剩余的东西。”

O) Building this understanding in an ever-more fearful and disconnected world may be the biggest challenge. Peter Kahn, the senior author of Lev's paper and the director of the Human Interaction with Nature Lab, made several suggestions for bridging this gap in this 2011 book, Technological Nature. They echo the recommendation about getting children into nature, but also include telling stories of how things used to be, imagining what things might be like in the future, and developing a common language about nature, "a way of speaking about wild and domestic interaction patterns, and the meaningful, deep and often joyful feelings that they generate."

在日益恐惧和脱节的世界中建立这种理解可能是最大的挑战。Peter Kahn是Lev论文的资深作者，也是人类与自然互动实验室的主任，他在2011年的《技术自然》一书中提出了几点建议来弥合这一差距。这些建议呼应了让儿童接触自然的建议，但也包括讲述过去的故事，想象未来可能的样子，以及发展关于自然的共同语言，“一种谈论野生和家养互动模式，以及它们产生的有意义、深刻且常欢乐的感受的方式。”

P) No matter what techniques we use, this growing field of research illustrates that saving nature requires encouraging people to experience it more often and more deeply. That calls for additional research -- Lev and her coauthors have published a toolkit that other municipalities can follow to study the value of their own wild spaces -- and clear communication of the results. "If we can continue to show people the benefits of these wild spaces," Lev says, "maybe people will begin to see more value in keeping these areas undeveloped- for the sake of our mutual benefit."

无论我们使用什么技术，这一日益增长的研究领域说明，拯救自然需要鼓励人们更频繁、更深入地体验它。这需要进一步的研究——Lev及其合著者发布了一个工具包，其他市镇可以遵循以研究自己野生空间的价值——并清晰地传达结果。“如果我们能继续向人们展示这些野生空间的好处，”Lev说，“也许人们将开始看到保护这些区域不开发的价值——为了我们的共同利益。”