2021年考研英语一阅读 Text 2 原文翻译及答案解析

Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia's bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program. In 2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to kep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They're already used in dozns of countries worldwide.In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children. But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment.In fact, poverty aleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University. That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environmnent is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says, Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviaion program was affcting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satelite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012— including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 ptovinces."We see that the program is associated with a 30percent reduction in deforestation," Frraro says. Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Feraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess.Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the environment.Even if this program didn't reduce poverty, Ferraro says,"the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."

去年标志着印度尼西亚黯淡的森林砍伐率连续第三年放缓。这种转变的一个原因可能是该国的扶贫计划。2007年，印度尼西亚开始逐步实施一个计划，向最贫困的居民提供资金，但条件是要求人们让孩子上学或定期接受医疗护理。这些社会援助计划被称为有条件现金转移支付或CCTs，旨在减少不平等并打破贫困循环。它们已经在全世界数十个国家使用。在印度尼西亚，该计划提供了足够的食物和药品，大幅减少了儿童的严重生长问题。但CCT计划通常不考虑对环境的影响。约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的经济学家保罗·费拉罗说，事实上，扶贫和环境保护常被视为相互冲突的目标。这是因为经济增长可能与环境退化相关，而保护环境有时与更大的贫困相关。然而，这些相关性并不能证明因果关系。唯一一项先前分析因果关系的研究，基于墨西哥一个实施了CCTs的地区，支持了传统观点。费拉罗说，在那里，随着人们获得更多钱，他们中的一些人可能会清理更多土地来养牛以获取肉类。然而，这样的计划不一定对环境产生负面影响。费拉罗想看看印度尼西亚的扶贫计划是否影响了森林砍伐。印度尼西亚拥有世界第三大热带森林面积，以及最高的森林砍伐率之一。费拉罗分析了卫星数据，显示了2008年至2012年的年度森林损失——包括印度尼西亚逐步实施扶贫计划期间——在15个省份的7,468个森林村庄中。费拉罗说：'我们看到该计划与森林砍伐减少30%相关。'费拉罗说，这很可能是因为农村贫困人口将这笔钱用作应对恶劣天气的临时保险。通常，如果降雨延迟，人们可能会清理土地种植更多水稻以补充收成。这项研究是否适用于其他地方还不得而知。费拉罗建议，由于种植水稻的重要性和市场准入等共性，结果可能适用于亚洲其他地区。而且，无论可转移性如何，研究表明，对人有益的事情也可能对环境有益。费拉罗说，即使这个计划没有减少贫困，'仅就避免森林砍伐对二氧化碳排放的价值而言，就超过了计划成本。'