2021年考研英语二阅读 Text 4 原文翻译及答案解析

We're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction,and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intusive.In one sudy of the ability she calld"thin slicing,"the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instuctor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students'end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing. Critically,another group was asked to spend a mrinute writing dow? reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating.Accuracy dropped dramaticlly. Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures or utterances,rather than eting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched I5-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers,friends,or dating partners. Other research shows were better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection."Ir's as if you're driving a stick shift,"says Judith Hall a psychologist at Northeaster University,"and if you start thinking about it too much, you can't remember what you're doing.But if you go on automatic pilot, yor're fine. Much of our social life is like that." Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences.College students' ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts'opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale.And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,but only if the decision was complex— when they had a lot of information to process. Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances.In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that apped reflective thinking (discerning rules,comprehending vocabulary)and four that tapped intuition and creativity(generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degre t which they had used ntuition("gut feelings,""hunches,""my heart").Use of their gut hurt their performance on the fist four tasks,as expected,and helped them on the rest. Soretimes the heart is smarter than the head. 英语( 二)试题 . 9. (共 14 页)

我们相当擅长根据第一印象来判断人，这些第一印象是经验的薄片，从瞥见一张照片到五分钟的互动，而且深思熟虑不仅多余，而且具有侵扰性。在她称为“薄片取样”的能力的一项研究中，已故心理学家纳里尼·安巴迪要求参与者观看教授的无声10秒视频片段，并评估讲师的整体效能。他们的评分与学生的期末评分强烈相关。另一组参与者在观看片段时必须从1,000开始倒数九的倍数，占据他们的有意识工作记忆。他们的评分同样准确，展示了社会处理的直觉性质。关键的是，另一组被要求花一分钟写下他们判断的理由，然后再给出评分。准确性显著下降。安巴迪怀疑，深思熟虑使他们专注于生动但误导性的线索，如某些手势或话语，而不是获得微妙信号的复杂相互作用来形成整体印象。当参与者观看15秒的人们配对视频片段，并判断他们是陌生人、朋友还是约会伴侣时，她发现了类似的干扰。其他研究表明，当我们依赖直觉而不是反思时，我们更善于从薄片中检测欺骗。“这就像你在开手动挡车，”东北大学的心理学家朱迪思·霍尔说，“如果你开始想得太多，你会忘记自己在做什么。但如果你进入自动驾驶模式，你就没事了。我们的社会生活大部分就像这样。”想得太多也会损害我们形成偏好的能力。当不被要求分析其理由时，大学生对草莓酱和大学课程的评分与专家意见更一致。当被要求专注于感受而不是细节时，人们做出的购车决策在客观上更好，个人也更满意，但仅当决策复杂——即他们有很多信息需要处理时。直觉的特殊力量只在特定情况下释放。在一项研究中，参与者完成了一组八项任务，包括四项涉及反思性思维（辨别规则、理解词汇）和四项涉及直觉和创造性（生成新产品或修辞格）的任务。然后他们评估自己使用直觉（“直觉”、“预感”、“我的心”）的程度。如预期，使用直觉损害了他们在前四项任务上的表现，但在其余任务上有所帮助。有时心比头脑更聪明。英语（二）试题 . 9. （共 14 页）