2019年12月四级第2套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) Along with old classics like "carrots give you night vision" and "Santa doesn't bring toys to misbehaving children", one of the most well-worn phrases of tired parents everywhere is that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Many of us grow up believing that skipping breakfast is a serious mistake, even if only two thirds of adults in the UK eat breakfast regularly, according to the British Dietetic Association, and around three-quarters of Americans.

除了像'胡萝卜能让你拥有夜视能力'和'圣诞老人不会给不听话的孩子带玩具'这样的经典老话外，全世界疲惫的父母最常说的一句话就是早餐是一天中最重要的一餐。我们许多人从小就被教导相信不吃早餐是一个严重的错误，尽管根据英国饮食协会的数据，只有三分之二的英国成年人定期吃早餐，而美国人中大约有四分之三。

B) "The body uses a lot of energy stores for growth and repair through the night," explains diet specialist Sarah Elder. "Eating a balanced breakfast helps to up our energy, as well as make up for protein and calcium used throughout the night." But there's widespread disagreement over whether breakfast should keep its top spot in the hierarchy (等级) of meals. There have been concerns around the sugar content of cereal and the food industry's involvement in pro-breakfast research—and even one claim from an academic that breakfast is "dangerous".

饮食专家萨拉·埃尔德解释说：'身体在夜间会消耗大量能量储备进行生长和修复。' '吃一顿均衡的早餐有助于提升我们的能量，并弥补夜间消耗的蛋白质和钙。' 但关于早餐是否应该保持其在餐食等级中的最高地位，存在广泛分歧。有人对谷物中的糖含量以及食品工业参与支持早餐研究表示担忧——甚至有一位学者声称早餐'危险'。

C) What's the reality? Is breakfast a necessary start to the day or a marketing tactic by cereal companies? The most researched aspect of breakfast (and breakfast-skipping) has been its links to obesity. Scientists have different theories as to why there's a relationship between the two. In one US study that analysed the health data of 50,000 people over seven years, researchers found that those who made breakfast the largest meal of the day were more likely to have a lower body mass index (BMI) than those who ate a large lunch or dinner. The researchers argued that breakfast helps reduce daily calorie intake and improve the quality of our diet -- since breakfast foods are often higher in fibre and nutrients.

现实是什么？早餐是开始一天的必要条件，还是谷物公司的营销策略？早餐（和不吃早餐）研究最多的方面是它与肥胖的联系。科学家对两者之间的关系有不同理论。在一项分析了50,000人七年健康数据的美国研究中，研究人员发现，那些将早餐作为一天中最重要一餐的人比那些吃丰盛午餐或晚餐的人更可能拥有较低的身体质量指数（BMI）。研究人员称，早餐有助于减少每日卡路里摄入并改善我们的饮食质量——因为早餐食物通常含有更高的纤维和营养。

D) But as with any study of this kind, it was unclear if that was the cause -- or if breakfast-skippers were just more likely to be overweight to begin with. To find out, researchers designed a study in which 52 obese women took part in a 12-week weight loss programme. All had the same number of calories over the day, but half had breakfast, while the other half did not. What they found was that it wasn't breakfast itself that caused the participants to lose weight: it was changing their normal routine.

但像任何这类研究一样，不清楚这是否是原因——或者不吃早餐的人最初就更可能超重。为了找出答案，研究人员设计了一项研究，52名肥胖女性参加了一个为期12周的减肥计划。所有人在一天中摄入相同数量的卡路里，但一半吃早餐，另一半不吃。他们发现，导致参与者体重减轻的不是早餐本身：而是改变了他们的日常习惯。

E) If breakfast alone isn't a guarantee of weight loss, why is there a link between obesity and breakfast skipping? Alexandra Johnstone, professor of appetite research at the University of Aberdeen, argues that it may simply be because breakfast-skippers have been found to be less knowledgeable about nutrition and health. "There are a lot of studies on the relationship between breakfast eating and possible health outcomes, but this may be because those who eat breakfast choose to habitually have health-enhancing behaviours such as regular exercise and not smoking," she says.

如果仅靠早餐不能保证减肥，为什么肥胖与不吃早餐之间存在联系？阿伯丁大学的食欲研究教授亚历山德拉·约翰斯通认为，这可能仅仅是因为不吃早餐的人被发现对营养和健康知识了解较少。'关于早餐进食与可能健康结果之间关系的研究很多，但这可能是因为吃早餐的人习惯性地选择健康增强行为，如定期锻炼和不吸烟，'她说。

F) A 2016 review of 10 studies looking into the relationship between breakfast and weight management concluded there is "limited evidence" supporting or refuting (反驳) the argument that breakfast influences weight or food intake, and more evidence is required before breakfast recommendations can be used to help prevent obesity

2016年对10项研究的综述调查了早餐与体重管理之间的关系，结论是支持或反驳早餐影响体重或食物摄入的论点'证据有限'，在使用早餐建议帮助预防肥胖之前，需要更多证据。

G) Researchers from the University of Surrey and University of Aberdeen are halfway through research looking into the mechanisms behind how the time we eat influences body weight. Early findings suggest that a bigger breakfast is beneficial to weight control. Breakfast has been found to affect more than just weight. Skipping breakfast has been associated with a 27% increased risk of heart disease, a 21% higher risk of type 2 diabetes in men, and a 20% higher risk of type 2 diabetes in women. One reason may be breakfast's nutritional value — partly because cereal is fortified (增加营养价值) with vitamins. In one study on the breakfast habits of 1,600 young people in the UK, researchers found that the fibre and micronutrient intake was better in those who had breakfast regularly. There have been similar findings in Australia, Brazil, Canada and the US.

萨里大学和阿伯丁大学的研究人员正在研究进餐时间如何影响体重背后的机制。早期发现表明，更丰盛的早餐有助于控制体重。早餐被发现不仅影响体重。不吃早餐与心脏病风险增加27%、男性2型糖尿病风险增加21%以及女性2型糖尿病风险增加20%有关。一个原因可能是早餐的营养价值——部分因为谷物添加了维生素（增加营养价值）。在一项关于1600名英国年轻人早餐习惯的研究中，研究人员发现，定期吃早餐的人纤维和微量营养素摄入更好。在澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大和美国也有类似发现。

H) Breakfast is also associated with improved brain function, including concentration and language use. A review of 54 studies found that eating breakfast can improve memory, though the effects on other brain functions were inconclusive. However, one of the review's researchers, Mary Beth Spitznagel, says there is "reasonable" evidence breakfast does improve concentration—there just needs to be more research. "Looking at studies that tested concentration the number of studies showing a benefit was exactly the same as the number that found no benefit," she says. "And no studies found that eating breakfast was bad for concentration."

早餐还与大脑功能改善有关，包括注意力和语言使用。对54项研究的综述发现，吃早餐可以提高记忆力，尽管对其他大脑功能的影响尚无定论。然而，综述的一位研究人员玛丽·贝斯·斯皮茨纳格尔说，有'合理的'证据表明早餐确实能改善注意力——只是需要更多研究。'看看测试注意力的研究，显示益处的研究数量与未发现益处的研究数量完全相同，'她说。'而且没有研究发现吃早餐对注意力有害。'

I) What's most important, some argue, is what we eat for breakfast. High-protein breakfasts have been found particularly effective in reducing the longing for food and consumption later in the day, according to research by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. While cereal remains a firm favourite among breakfast consumers in the UK and US, a recent investigation of the sugar content of 'adult' breakfast cereals found that some cereals contain more than three-quarters of the recommended daily amount of free sugars in each portion, and sugar was the second or third highest ingredient in cereals.

有人认为，最重要的是我们早餐吃什么。根据澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织的研究，高蛋白早餐在减少对食物的渴望和晚间的摄入方面特别有效。虽然谷物在英国和美国早餐消费者中仍然广受欢迎，但最近对'成人'早餐谷物糖含量的调查发现，每份谷物中某些谷物含有超过推荐每日游离糖量的四分之三，糖是谷物中第二或第三高的成分。

J) "But some research suggests if we're going to eat sugary foods, it's best to do it early. One study recruited 200 obese adults to take part in a 16-week-long diet, where half added dessert to their breakfast, and half didn't. Those who added dessert lost an average of 40 pounds more—however, the study was unable to show the long term effects. A review of 54 studies found that there is no consensus yet on what type of breakfast is healthier, and concluded that the type of breakfast doesn't matter as much as simply eating something."

'但一些研究表明，如果我们要吃含糖食物，最好尽早吃。一项研究招募了200名肥胖成年人参加一个为期16周的饮食计划，其中一半人在早餐中添加甜点，另一半没有。添加甜点的人平均多减了40磅——然而，该研究无法显示长期效果。对54项研究的综述发现，关于哪种类型的早餐更健康尚未达成共识，并得出结论，早餐的类型不如简单地吃点东西重要。'

K) While there's no conclusive evidence on exactly what we should be eating and when, the consensus is that we should listen to our own bodies and eat when we're hungry. "Breakfast is most important for people who are hungry when they wake up," Johnstone says. "Each body starts the day differently—and those individual differences need to be researched more closely," Spitznagel says. "A balanced breakfast is really helpful, but getting regular meals throughout the day is more important to leave blood sugar stable through the day, which helps control weight and hunger levels," says Elder. "Breakfast isn't the only meal we should be getting right."

虽然没有确凿证据表明我们应该具体吃什么以及何时吃，但共识是我们应该倾听自己的身体，饿了就吃。约翰斯通说：'早餐对醒来时饿了的人来说最重要。' 斯皮茨纳格尔说：'每个身体开始新的一天的方式不同——这些个体差异需要更仔细地研究。' 埃尔德说：'均衡的早餐确实有帮助，但全天规律进餐更重要，以保持血糖全天稳定，这有助于控制体重和饥饿水平。' '早餐不是我们唯一应该吃对的一餐。'