2024年06月四级第3套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) Certain institutions, such as schools, are likely to close when bad weather, such as snow, flooding or extreme heat or cold, causes travel difficulties, power outages, or otherwise endangers public safety. When snowy weather arrives in the US, it means the chance of school children benefiting from the long-standing tradition of the "snow day", when schools are forced to close and students get an unexpected day off.

某些机构，如学校，可能在恶劣天气（如雪、洪水或极端高温或低温）导致出行困难、停电或危及公共安全时关闭。当美国迎来雪天时，意味着学童有机会受益于历史悠久的“雪天”传统，即学校被迫关闭，学生获得意外的假日。

B) The criterion for a snow day is primarily the inability of school buses to operate safely on their routes and danger to children who walk to school. Often, the school remains officially open even though buses do not run and classes are canceled. Severe weather that causes cancellation or delay is more likely in regions that are less able to handle the situation. Snow days are less common in more northern areas of the United States that are used to heavy winter snowfall, because municipalities are well equipped to clear roads and remove snow. In areas less accustomed to snow even small snowfalls of an inch or two may render roads unsafe.

雪天的标准主要是校车无法安全运营其路线，以及步行上学儿童面临危险。通常，即使校车停运、课程取消，学校仍正式开放。导致取消或延迟的严重天气更可能发生在应对能力较弱的地区。在美国北部更习惯冬季大雪的地区，雪天较少见，因为市政当局具备充分的道路清扫和除雪设备。在不太习惯降雪的地区，即使一两英寸的小雪也可能使道路不安全。

C) Snow days are a familiar theme in American film and TV shows, with children getting the good news and then running outside for some seasonal snowman-building and snowball throwing, against a background of joyful pop music. But the tradition is now over for pupils in several US states such as South Carolina, Nevada, Georgia and Indiana. This academic year, many school boards have introduced policies which require students to work from home if the school is shut by snow or extreme weather. They are known as "e-learning days", which certainly sounds less fun than a snow day.

雪天是美国影视作品中常见的主题，孩子们听到好消息后跑出去堆雪人、打雪仗，背景是欢快的流行音乐。但这一传统对于南卡罗来纳州、内华达州、佐治亚州和印第安纳州等几个美国州的学生来说已经结束。本学年，许多学校董事会引入了政策，要求学生在因雪或极端天气关闭学校时在家学习。这些被称为“电子学习日”，听起来肯定不如雪天有趣。

D) Teachers are also losing their snow days and instead will be expected to be on hand to take a virtual register and answer students' questions online. A pilot programme in a school district in Anderson County, South Carolina, has supplied students with electronic tablets loaded with assignments to complete in the event of a school closure. If it is successful, it could be rolled out across the state.

教师也失去了雪天，反而需要随时在线进行虚拟点名和回答学生问题。南卡罗来纳州安德森县的一个学区试点项目已向学生提供电子平板电脑，装有学校关闭时需要完成的作业。如果成功，可能会在全州推广。

E) But some parents object to the new policy if the vigorous debate on the Facebook page of Anderson County school district is anything to go by. "When it snows, let the kids enjoy it," said one commenter. Another said the decision would "ruin school even more", and someone else called snow days "a fun part of childhood". But supporters of the policy say it means children will miss fewer days of school. It will also bring to an end a less popular US high school tradition: the "make-up day", which requires students in many states to make up the time lost due to weather by working during school holidays.

但从安德森县学区Facebook页面上的激烈辩论来看，一些家长反对这项新政策。一位评论者说：“下雪时，让孩子们享受它。”另一位说这项决定会“进一步破坏学校”，还有人称雪天是“童年乐趣的一部分”。但政策支持者表示，这意味着孩子们将减少缺勤天数。它还将结束美国高中不太受欢迎的传统：“补课日”，即许多州要求学生在假期工作以弥补因天气损失的时间。

F) Students in North Carolina already have several make-up days scheduled because of school closures during Hurricane Florence, which struck in September. Tom Wilson, the superintendent of Anderson County school district, said the change away from snow days makes practical and financial sense. He said technology has changed every profession, so it makes sense to use it to "eliminate" make-up days. Adam Baker of the Department of Education in Indiana said e-learning days were proving a "great success". He said most Indiana schools already use digital devices during lessons, so it was an "easy decision" to extend this to days when schools are closed. He denies the decision is depriving children of the chance to enjoy the snow. "Students are still able to enjoy snow days and outside time," he said. "Many have PE and science assignments that have them out enjoying the weather." But local school superintendents in Ohio are resisting proposals to adopt e-learning days. They fear that students without internet access at home will be disadvantaged by the policy, and superintendent Tom Roth is concerned that e-learning days will offer a lower quality of education.

由于九月飓风佛罗伦萨期间的学校关闭，北卡罗来纳州的学生已经安排了几个补课日。安德森县学区总监汤姆·威尔逊表示，从雪天转向电子学习日在实际和财政上都有意义。他说技术改变了每个行业，因此使用它来“消除”补课日是合理的。印第安纳州教育部亚当·贝克表示，电子学习日证明是“巨大成功”。他说印第安纳州的大多数学校已经在课堂上使用数字设备，因此将其扩展到学校关闭的日子是“容易的决定”。他否认该决定剥夺了孩子们享受雪的机会。“学生仍然可以享受雪天和户外时间，”他说。“许多体育和科学作业让他们外出享受天气。”但俄亥俄州地方学校总监们抵制采用电子学习日的提议。他们担心家中没有互联网接入的学生会因该政策处于劣势，总监汤姆·罗斯担心电子学习日会提供较低质量的教育。

G) There are also so-called "blizzard bags", with assignments that children take home ahead of an expected snow closure. But Mr. Roth says it is not sufficient as a replacement. "I think we still need the class time to give our kids the education that they deserve," he said. "You can't get that with a blizzard bag or doing the work from home like that. It's not going to be as effective."

还有所谓的“暴风雪袋”，里面装有在预期的雪天关闭前孩子们带回家的作业。但罗斯先生表示，这不足以作为替代品。“我认为我们仍然需要课堂时间来给孩子们应得的教育，”他说。“通过暴风雪袋或在家完成作业无法达到同样效果。效果不会那么好。

H) There is a long-running debate on whether missing days of school affects attainment. In England, there has been a focus on tackling absenteeism from school. The Department for Education (DFE) published research in 2016 arguing that missing any days at school could have a negative impact on results. Even a few days lost in a year could be enough to miss out on getting a good exam grade, the DFE's research concluded. This differed from the findings of a study from Harvard University in the US, which concluded that missing a few occasional days because of the weather did not damage learning.

关于缺课是否影响成绩存在长期争论。在英格兰，重点一直放在解决学生缺勤问题上。教育部（DFE）2016年发布的研究认为，缺课任何一天都可能对成绩产生负面影响。即使一年中损失几天也足以错过获得良好考试成绩的机会，DFE的研究总结道。这与美国哈佛大学的一项研究结果不同，后者认为因天气偶尔缺几天课不会损害学习。

I) The Harvard study examined seven years of school results data and could not find any impact from snow closures. What caused more disruption was when schools tried to stay open in bad weather, even though many staff and pupils were absent. But weather can make a difference to school results, according to another piece of Harvard research published last summer. It's hot weather that has the negative impact. The results of 10 million school students were examined over 13 years and researchers found a "significant" link between years with extremely hot weather and lower results.

哈佛研究检查了七年的学校成绩数据，没有发现雪天关闭有任何影响。造成更多干扰的是学校在恶劣天气下试图保持开放，即使许多员工和学生缺席。但根据去年夏天发表的另一项哈佛研究，天气确实会影响学校成绩。是炎热的天气产生负面影响。研究检查了1000万学校学生13年的结果，研究人员发现极端炎热天气年份与较低成绩之间存在“显著”关联。

J) It's obvious that students should go to school every day to get the most out of education. In cases of extreme weather students don't always have that option. However, research shows that authorised absences from school such as during extreme weather are less problematic for students than absences that are not authorised. This is because unauthorised absences tend to reflect patterns and behaviours of student disengagement, or the possible negative attitudes of parents towards education that students adopt and carry with them through schooling. The level of impact on students' educational performance is all to do with the length of time that a student is absent from school and how regularly this occurs.

显然，学生应该每天上学以最大限度地获得教育。在极端天气情况下，学生并不总是有这个选择。然而，研究表明，如极端天气期间的授权缺课对学生来说比未授权缺课问题更小。这是因为未授权缺课往往反映学生脱离参与的模式和行为，或者父母可能对教育的负面态度，学生会采纳并贯穿整个学习生涯。对学生教育表现的影响程度完全取决于学生缺课的时间长度和发生频率。