2025年考研英语二阅读 Text 3 原文翻译及答案解析

Heat action plans, or HAPs, have been proliferating in India in the past few years. In general, an HAP spells out when and how officials should issue heat warnings and alert hospitals and other institutions. Nagpur's plan, for instance, calls for hospitals to set aside “cold wards” in the summer for treating heatstroke patients, and advises builders to give construction laborers a break from work on very hot days.

热行动计划，或称HAPs，近年来在印度迅速增加。总体而言，HAP规定了官员应在何时以及如何发布高温预警，并通知医院和其他机构。例如，那格浦尔的计划要求医院在夏季设立“冷病房”以治疗中暑患者，并建议建筑商在非常炎热的日子让建筑工人休息。

But implementation of existing HAPs has been uneven, according to a report from the Center for Policy Research. Many lack adequate funding, it found. And their triggering thresholds often are not customized to the local climate. In some areas, high daytime temperatures alone might serve as an adequate trigger for alerts. But in other places, nighttime temperatures or humidity might be as important a gauge of risk as daytime highs.

但根据政策研究中心的报告，现有HAP的实施情况参差不齐。报告发现，许多计划缺乏足够的资金。而且，它们的触发阈值往往没有针对当地气候进行定制。在某些地区，仅白天的高温就足以触发警报。但在其他地方，夜间温度或湿度可能与白天的高温一样，是衡量风险的重要指标。

Mumbai's April heat stroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized warnings, researchers say. That day's high temperature of roughly 36°C was 1°C shy of the heat wave alert threshold for coastal cities set by national meteorological authorities. But the effects of the heat were amplified by humidity-an often neglected factor in heat alert systems-and the lack of shade at the late-morning outdoor ceremony.

研究人员表示，孟买四月份的中暑死亡事件凸显了需要更细致和本地化的预警。那天的最高温度约为36°C，比国家气象局为沿海城市设定的热浪警报阈值低了1°C。但高温的影响被湿度放大了——这是热预警系统中经常被忽视的因素——以及上午晚些时候户外活动缺乏遮荫。

To help improve HAPs, urban planner Kotharkar's team is working on a model plan that outlines best practices and could be adapted to local conditions. Among other things, she says, all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at risk.

为了帮助改进HAP，城市规划师科萨尔卡的团队正在制定一个示范计划，概述最佳实践，并可根据当地条件进行调整。除其他事项外，她说，所有城市都应创建脆弱性地图，以帮助将响应集中在最危险的人群上。

Such mapping doesn't need to be complex, Kotharkar says. “A useful map can be created by looking at even a few key parameters.” For example, neighborhoods with a large elderly population or informal dwellings that cope poorly with heat could get special warnings or be bolstered with cooling centers. The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability map, which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event of a heat wave this summer.

科萨尔卡说，这种绘图不需要很复杂。“通过查看几个关键参数，就可以创建一个有用的地图。”例如，老年人口众多或非正式住宅隔热性能差的社区可以获得特别预警，或加强冷却中心。那格浦尔项目已经创建了风险和脆弱性地图，使科萨尔卡能够告诉官员们在今年夏季热浪事件中应重点关注哪些社区。

HAPs shouldn't just include short-term emergency responses, researchers say, but also recommend medium- to long-term measures that could make communities cooler. In Nagpur, for example, Kotharkar's team has been able to advise city officials about where to plant trees to provide shade. HAPs could also guide efforts to retrofit homes or modify building regulations. “Reducing deaths in an emergency is good target to have, but it's the lowest target,” says climate researcher Chandni Singh.

研究人员表示，HAP不应只包括短期应急响应，还应推荐能够使社区更凉爽的中长期措施。例如，在那格浦尔，科萨尔卡的团队能够就种植树木以提供遮荫的位置向城市官员提供建议。HAP还可以指导房屋改造或修改建筑规范的工作。“减少紧急情况中的死亡是一个好的目标，但它是最低目标，”气候研究员钱德尼·辛格说。