2021年06月四级第2套仔细阅读 Passage 1 原文翻译及答案解析

Sugar shocked. That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar's role in heart disease-and put the spotlight (注意的中心) squarely on dietary fat.

糖震惊。这描述了许多美国人本周的反应，此前有披露称，50年前，糖业公司付钱给哈佛科学家进行研究，将焦点从糖在心脏病中的作用转移开——并将注意力直接放在了膳食脂肪上。

What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry. Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. "Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor's interest," Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.

可能让消费者惊讶的是，当今有多少营养研究仍然由食品工业资助。纽约大学的营养学者Marion Nestle花了一年时间非正式地追踪了工业资助的食品研究。Nestle告诉我们：“大约90%的近170项研究都有利于赞助商的利益。”其他系统性综述支持她的结论。

For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods-the brand behind Welch's 100% Grape Juice-found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function. Another, funded by Quaker Oats, concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that "hot oatmeal (燕麦粥) breakfast keeps you full for longer."

例如，由Welch Foods资助的研究——Welch's 100%葡萄汁背后的品牌——发现每天喝Concord葡萄汁可能提升大脑功能。另一项由Quaker Oats资助的研究得出结论，正如《每日邮报》的一篇报道所说，“热燕麦粥早餐能让你更长时间保持饱腹感。”

Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.

去年，《纽约时报》披露了可口可乐如何资助知名科学家和组织，宣传一种信息：在对抗体重增加的战斗中，人们应更多关注运动，而不是饮食。可口可乐还发布了数据，详细说明了其在2010年至2015年间对几家医疗机构和协会的资助。

"It's certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry," says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. "When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for." And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.

“营养与健康领域的如此多研究由工业资助，这当然是个问题，”公共利益科学中心的营养主任Bonnie Liebman说。“当食品工业为研究付费时，它往往得到它所购买的结果。”而它购买的往往是支持行业的发现。

Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的) when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. "Rely on health experts who've reviewed all the evidence," Liebman says, pointing to the official government Dietary Guidelines, which are based on reviews of hundreds of studies.

在这种环境下，消费者在阅读营养科学的最新发现时应持怀疑态度，并忽略新闻推送中突然出现的最新研究。Liebman说：“依赖那些审查了所有证据的健康专家”，并指出基于数百项研究综述的官方政府膳食指南。

"And that expert advice remains pretty simple," says Nestle. "We know what healthy diets are lots of vegetables, not too much junk food, balanced calories. Everything else is really difficult to do experimentally. "

“而且专家的建议仍然相当简单，”Nestle说。“我们知道健康的饮食是什么：大量蔬菜，不太多垃圾食品，平衡的卡路里。其他所有事情在实验上都很难做到。”