2021年12月四级第2套仔细阅读 Passage 1 原文翻译及答案解析

With obesity now affecting 29% of the population in England, and expected to rise to 35% by 2030, should we now recognise it as a disease? Obesity, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be adversely affected, meets the dictionary definition of disease, argues Professor John Wilding. He points out that more than 200 genes influence weight. "Thus body weight is strongly influenced by biology- it is not an individual's fault if they develop obesity." Yet the widespread view is that obesity is self-induced and that it is entirely the individual's responsibility to do something about it. Recognising obesity as a chronic disease with severe complications rather than a lifestyle choice "should help reduce the stigma (耻辱) and discrimination experienced by many people with obesity," he adds.

随着肥胖目前影响英格兰29%的人口，并预计到2030年将上升至35%，我们现在是否应将其视为一种疾病？John Wilding教授认为，肥胖——即体内脂肪过度积累到可能对健康产生不利影响的程度——符合疾病的词典定义。他指出，有200多个基因影响体重。'因此，体重受生物学强烈影响——如果一个人患上肥胖，那不是他们个人的过错。'然而，普遍观点是肥胖是自招的，完全由个人负责去解决。他补充道，将肥胖视为一种伴有严重并发症的慢性疾病，而非生活方式选择，'应有助于减少许多肥胖人士所经历的耻辱和歧视。'

Professor Wilding disagrees that labelling a high proportion of the population as having a disease removes personal responsibility or may overwhelm health services, pointing out that other common diseases, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, require people to take action to manage their condition. He suggests that most people with obesity will eventually develop complications. "But unless we accept that obesity is a disease, we are not going to be able to tackle it," he concludes.

Wilding教授不同意将高比例人口标记为患有疾病会免除个人责任或可能使医疗服务不堪重负的观点，他指出其他常见疾病，如高血压和糖尿病，要求人们采取行动管理自身状况。他建议，大多数肥胖人士最终都会出现并发症。他总结道：'但除非我们接受肥胖是一种疾病，否则我们将无法应对它。'

But Dr. Richard Pile, a physician with a special interest in diabetes, argues that adopting this approach "could actually result in worse outcomes for individuals and society." He believes that the dictionary definition of disease "is so vague that we can classify almost anything as a disease" and says the question is not whether we can, but whether we should, and to what end.

但Richard Pile医生，一位对糖尿病有特殊兴趣的医生，认为采用这种方法'实际上可能导致个人和社会更糟的结果。'他认为，疾病的词典定义'如此模糊，以至于我们几乎可以将任何事物归类为疾病'，并说问题不在于我们能否，而在于我们是否应该，以及为了什么目的。

If labelling obesity as a disease was harmless then it wouldn't really matter, he writes. But labelling obesity as a disease "risks reducing autonomy, disempowering and robbing people of the intrinsic (内在的) motivation that is such an important enabler of change." What's more, making obesity a disease "may not benefit patients, but it will benefit healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical (制药的) industry when health insurance and clinical guidelines promote treatment with drugs and surgery," he warns.

他写道，如果将肥胖标记为疾病是无害的，那么它就无关紧要。但将肥胖标记为疾病'有减少自主权、削弱权力并剥夺人们内在动机的风险，这种动机是促成改变的重要因素。'他警告说，此外，将肥胖变成一种疾病'可能不会使患者受益，但当健康保险和临床指南促进药物和手术治疗时，它将使医疗提供者和制药业受益。'