2017年12月六级第2套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a 'crisis' in science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. Furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends.

这是一个势头稳步增强的运动：呼吁公开和透明地提供研究数据、软件代码和实验方法。开放精神在科学界正获得认可，倡导者称这是解决科学“危机”的唯一途径，该危机表现为成功复制的发现太少。此外，他们说，这是研究人员收集加速发现或识别大规模趋势所需观测范围的最佳方式。

B) The open-data shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. On the one hand, the drive to share is gathering official steam. Since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back politics that support increased public access to research. On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share data, and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems. As more journals and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers.

开放数据转变给初级研究人员带来了一个令人困惑的问题。一方面，分享的动力正在获得官方支持。自2013年以来，全球科学机构开始支持增加公众获取研究机会的政策。另一方面，科学家对分享多少数据和何时分享存在分歧，他们争论分享数据是否更可能加速科学并使其更强大，还是会引入漏洞和问题。随着更多期刊和资助者采用数据共享要求，以及越来越多的爱好者呼吁更多开放性，初级研究人员必须在采纳者和坚持者之间找到自己的位置，同时努力开创自己的职业生涯。

C) One key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becoming scientifically vulnerable. They must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration proposal from those who are wary of-or unfamiliar with-open science. And they must learn how to capitalize on the movement's benefits, such as opportunities for more citations and a way to build a reputation without the need for conventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals.

年轻科学家面临的一个关键挑战是如何在保持开放的同时避免科学上的脆弱。他们必须评估那些对开放科学持谨慎态度或不熟悉的人可能危及工作机会或合作提案的风险。此外，他们必须学会如何利用该运动的好处，例如获得更多引用的机会，以及在无需传统指标（如在高影响力期刊上发表论文）的情况下建立声誉的方法。

D) Some fields have embraced open data more than others. Researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings of irreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocal sup-porters of the drive for more-open science. A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in reproducible science—for example, by affixing an 'open-data' badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. According to social psychologist Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological Science, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015.

一些领域比其他领域更早拥抱开放数据。心理学领域的研究人员，该领域过去几年因不可复制的发现而震动，尤其积极支持推动更开放的科学。一些心理学期刊设立了激励措施以提高对可复制科学的兴趣——例如，为明确说明数据可获取位置的论文附加“开放数据”徽章。根据社会心理学家、开放科学中心执行主任Brian Nosek的说法，使用徽章的期刊《心理科学》的平均数据共享率从2013年到2015年增加了十倍，达到38%。

E) Funders, too, are increasingly adopting an open-data policy. Several strongly encourage, and some require, a data-management plan that makes data available. The US National Science Foundation is among these, Some philanthropic (慈善的) funders, including the Bill &Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington, and the Wellcome Trust in London, also data mandate open data from their grant recipients.

资助者也越来越采用开放数据政策。一些机构强烈鼓励，有些甚至要求制定使数据可用的数据管理计划。美国国家科学基金会就是其中之一。一些慈善资助者，包括位于华盛顿州西雅图的比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会和伦敦的惠康基金会，也强制要求其受赠者开放数据。

F) But many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science, are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private. Graduate students and postdocs, who often are working on their lab head's grant, may have no choice if their supervisor or another senior opposes sharing.

但许多年轻研究人员，特别是那些未在开放科学方面受过指导的人，不确定是分享还是保持私有。研究生和博士后通常在其实验室负责人的资助下工作，如果他们的导师或其他资深人员反对分享，他们可能没有选择。

G) Some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a career. "Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped (被抢先)," says New York University astronomer David Hogg. Those fears may be a factor in a lingering hesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it.

一些人担心分享的潜在影响太大，尤其是在职业生涯早期。纽约大学天文学家David Hogg说：“每个人都听过关于有人被抢先的可怕故事。”这些恐惧可能是即使在强制要求分享数据的期刊上发表论文时，仍对分享数据犹豫不决的一个因素。

H) Researchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose when sharing hard-won data. "With my institution and teaching load, I don't have postdocs and grad students", says Terry McGlynn, a tropical biologist at California State University, Dominguez Hills. "The stakes are higher to share data because it's a bigger fraction of what's happening in my lab."

小实验室或以教学为主的研究机构的研究人员在分享来之不易的数据时，可以说损失最大。加州州立大学多明戈斯山分校的热带生物学家Terry McGlynn说：“在我的机构和教学负担下，我没有博士后和研究生。”“分享数据的风险更高，因为它在我的实验室中占更大比例。

I) Researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view. Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository (存储库), answering questions and handling complaints can take many hours.

研究人员还指出，为他人查看准备数据所涉及的时间投入很大。一旦数据和相关材料出现在存储库中，回答问题和处理投诉可能需要很多小时。

J) The time investment can present other problems. In some cases, says data scientist Karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues— many of whom head selection and promotion committees—might ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies. "I've heard this recently -that embracing the idea of open data and code makes traditional academics uncomfortable, "says Ram. "The concern seems to be that open advocates don't spend their time being as productive as possible."

时间投入可能带来其他问题。数据科学家Karthik Ram说，在某些情况下，当资深同事——其中许多领导选拔和晋升委员会——可能嘲笑他们视为精力放错了地方时，初级研究人员可能难以接受开放性。Ram说：“我最近听到这种说法——拥抱开放数据和代码的想法让传统学者感到不安。”“担忧似乎是开放倡导者没有尽可能高效地利用时间。

K) An open-science stance can also add complexity to a collaboration. Kate Ratliff, who studies social attitudes at the University of Florida, Gainesville, says that it can seem as if there are two camps in a field-those who care about open science and those who don't. " There's a new area to navigate-'Are you cool with the fact that I'll want to make the data open?'-when talking with somebody about an interesting research idea, "she says.

开放科学立场也可能增加合作的复杂性。佛罗里达大学盖恩斯维尔分校研究社会态度的Kate Ratliff说，在一个领域中似乎有两个阵营——关心开放科学的和不关心的。她说：“当与某人讨论有趣的研究想法时，有一个新的领域需要探索——‘你对我想要公开数据这件事感到OK吗？’

L) Despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. For example, when information is uploaded to a repository, a digital object identifier(DOI) is assigned. Scientists can use a DOI to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citations- one each for the data and software. in addition to the paper itself. And although some say that citations for software or data have little currency in academia, they can have other benefits.

尽管存在复杂性和担忧，但分享的好处可能很显著。例如，当信息上传到存储库时，会分配一个数字对象标识符（DOI）。科学家可以使用DOI发布研究生命周期的每一步，而不仅仅是最终论文。这样做，他们可能获得三次引用——数据和软件各一次，加上论文本身。尽管有些人说软件或数据的引用在学术界价值不大，但它们可能有其他好处。

M) Many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp will protect scientists from being scooped. "This is the sweet spot between sharing and getting credit for it. while discouraging plagiarism (剽窃). " says Ivo Grigorov, a project coordinator at the National Institute of Aquatic Resources Research Secretariat in Charlottenlund, Denmark. Hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think. "The two cases I'm familiar with didn't involve open data or code, "he says.

许多倡导者认为，带有日期和时间戳的透明数据程序将保护科学家免遭抢先。丹麦夏洛滕隆国家水产资源研究秘书处的项目协调员Ivo Grigorov说：“这是在分享和获得认可之间取得平衡，同时阻止剽窃。”Hogg说，抢先问题没有许多人想的那么严重。他说：“我熟悉的两个案例不涉及开放数据或代码。

N) Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the playing field by gaining better access to crucial data. Ross Mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at the University of Cambridge, UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because of his fossil based research on access to others' data. He says that more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a common practice of shutting out early-career scientists' requests for data.

开放科学还为初级研究人员提供了通过更好获取关键数据来平衡竞争环境的机会。英国剑桥大学研究进化生物学的博士后Ross Mounce是开放科学的积极倡导者，部分原因是他基于化石的研究需要访问他人的数据。他说，科学中更多的开放性可能有助于阻止一些人认为的排斥早期职业科学家数据请求的常见做法。

O) Communication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says, Concerns about open science should be discussed at the outset of a study. "Whenever you start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectations for who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them," he says.

他说，沟通也有助于那些担心危及合作的人，关于开放科学的担忧应该在研究开始时讨论。他说：“每当你与某人开始一个项目时，你必须就数据所有权、何时公开以及谁可以对数据做什么等期望达成明确共识。”

P) In the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early -career researcher to gain recognition--a crucial component of success. "The thing you are searching for reputation" says Titus Brown, a genomics (基因组学) researcher at the University of California, Davis. "To get grants and jobs you have to be relevant and achieve some level of public recognition. Anything you do that advances your presence- especially in a larger sphere, outside the communities you know- is a net win."

最终，与同事分享数据、软件和材料可以帮助早期职业研究人员获得认可——这是成功的关键组成部分。加州大学戴维斯分校的基因组学研究员Titus Brown说：“你寻找的东西是声誉。”“要获得资助和工作，你必须相关并达到一定程度的公众认可。你所做的任何提升你存在的事——尤其是在你熟悉圈子之外的更大领域——都是净收益。”