2026年06月六级第2套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) Five hundred years ago, forests covered much of the Iberian peninsula. But that soon changed. Centuries of wars and invasions, agricultural expansion and woodcutting for firewood and shipping wiped out most of the woods and transformed places like Matamorisca, a small village in northern Spain, into degraded landscapes.

五百年前，森林覆盖了伊比利亚半岛的大部分地区。但这种情况很快改变了。几个世纪的战争与入侵、农业扩张，以及为获取柴火和造船而进行的砍伐，摧毁了大部分树林，把西班牙北部小村庄 Matamorisca 这样的地方变成了退化的荒地。

B) The region's dry climate and depleted soils would be a recipe for disaster in your average program to replant trees, but for the Amsterdam-based Land Life Company it's an ideal place. "We typically operate where nature does not come back by itself," says Jurrian Ruys, its CEO. "We go where there are rougher conditions in terms of weather, with rough or very hot summers." In Matamorisca, they intervened in 17 barren hectares owned by the regional government and peppered them with their signature device: a biodegradable (可生物降解的) cardboard container they call the cocoon which can hold 25 litres of water underground to aid a seedling's first year. Around 16,000 trees, including oaks, ashes, walnuts, rowans, and whitebeams, were planted in May 2018, and the company reports that 96% of them survived that year's burning hot summer without extra irrigation, a critical milestone for a young tree.

该地区干旱的气候和贫瘠的土壤，对一般的植树造林项目而言无异于灾难的温床，但对总部位于阿姆斯特丹的 Land Life 公司来说，这里是理想之地。"我们通常在大自然无法自行恢复的地方开展工作，"其首席执行官 Jurrian Ruys 说。"我们前往天气条件更为恶劣、夏季酷热难当的地方。"在 Matamorisca，他们在地方政府所有的17公顷荒地上进行干预，遍布放置他们的标志性装置：一种他们称为'茧'的可生物降解硬纸板容器，能在地下储存25升水，帮助幼苗度过第一年。约16000棵树，包括橡树、白蜡树、核桃树、花楸和白面子树，于2018年5月种下，公司报告称其中96%在当年酷热的夏天无需额外灌溉便存活了下来，这对幼树而言是一个关键的里程碑。

C) "Does nature return by itself?" asks Arnout Asjes, Land Life Company's chief technology officer, who oversees a mix of drone (无人机) and satellite imagery, big data analysis, soil enhancement, QR (二维码) tagging and site-specific tree configuration designs. "Probably, but it can take decades or hundreds of years, so we are speeding things up."

"大自然会自行恢复吗？" Land Life 公司首席技术官 Arnout Asjes 问道，他负责统筹无人机与卫星影像、大数据分析、土壤改良、二维码标记以及针对具体地点的树木配置设计。"很可能会，但那可能需要数十年甚至数百年，所以我们在加快进程。"

D) His company belongs to a global movement of organisations trying to save degraded or deforested areas, ranging from fertile tropical lowlands to dry hills in temperate (温带的) regions. Spurred by global biodiversity loss and climate change, these groups are pushing the boundary of how to revive forest cover. "It's not a theoretical proposition," says Walter Vergara, a forest and climate specialist at the World Resources Institute (WRI). "It requires the right incentives, the right stakeholders, the right analysis and sufficient capital, but it can happen."

他的公司隶属于一场全球性的组织运动，致力于拯救退化或遭砍伐的地区，范围从肥沃的热带低地到温带地区的干旱丘陵。在全球生物多样性丧失和气候变化的推动下，这些团体正在不断拓展恢复森林覆盖的方法边界。"这不是一个理论上的空想，"世界资源研究所（WRI）的森林与气候专家 Walter Vergara 说。"它需要恰当的激励、恰当的利益相关方、恰当的分析和充足的资本，但它是可以实现的。"

E) How these factors come together for a particular project—and whether saving destroyed woods is even possible—depends on what kind of ecosystem you have in mind. Secondary forests in the Amazon are different from Texas pines recovering after wildfires or the Arctic timber woods that cover much of Sweden. Each provides different reasons for reforestation programs and each has particular needs. In the dry conditions around Matamorisca and similar areas in Spain, Land Life Company worries about rapid desertification (沙漠化). As its focus is on restoring an ecosystem, it works with organisations that don't expect their money back.

这些因素如何为某个具体项目汇聚在一起——以及拯救被毁林地究竟是否可行——取决于你心中所想的是哪种生态系统。亚马逊的次生林与野火后恢复的得克萨斯松林，或覆盖瑞典大部分地区的北极木材林都不相同。每一种都为造林项目提供了不同的理由，也各有其特定需求。在 Matamorisca 及西班牙类似地区的干旱条件下，Land Life 公司担忧的是快速的沙漠化。由于其重点在于恢复生态系统，它与那些不指望收回资金的组织合作。

F) With around 600 hectares replanted around the world since 2015 and another 1,100 planned for this year, the company's drive fits into the Bonn Challenge, a global effort to restore 150 million hectares of the world's deforested and degraded land by 2020. That's an area roughly the size of Iran or Mongolia. By 2030, the goal is to reach 350 million hectares—20% more land than India. These targets include both the rehabilitation of forested areas that have lost density or look a bit weak (a process known as 'restoration' in forestry jargon) and the recovery of forest cover in areas where it was completely cleared (what's known as 'reforestation').

自2015年以来，该公司已在全球重新种植了约600公顷，今年还计划再种1100公顷，其行动契合《波恩挑战》——一项到2020年恢复全球1.5亿公顷遭砍伐和退化土地的全球性努力。这个面积大致相当于伊朗或蒙古的国土。到2030年，目标是达到3.5亿公顷——比印度的国土还多20%。这些目标既包括对密度下降或略显衰弱的林地进行修复（在林业术语中称为'restoration'），也包括在被完全清空地区恢复森林覆盖（即所谓的'reforestation'）。

G) That global target is broken into smaller pieces and takes shape in Latin America as the 20x20 Initiative, an effort to contribute 20 million hectares to the overall goal by initiating small to medium projects with the political backing of governments. Unlike Land Life Company, this region-wide project makes the economic and business case for reforestation, even though they are after biodiversity conservation. "You need to bring in private sector money," says WRI's Vergara, who leads the initiative, "and that capital needs to see a return on their investment." A study he led predicts Latin America would see an estimated net present value of about $23bn over a 50-year period if it reaches its goal.

这一全球目标被拆分为更小的部分，在拉丁美洲以'20x20 倡议'的形式落地，旨在通过在政府政治支持下发起中小型项目，为总体目标贡献2000万公顷。与 Land Life 公司不同，这个覆盖整个地区的项目为造林提出了经济和商业上的理由，尽管它们追求的是生物多样性保护。"你需要引入私营部门的资金，" 主导该倡议的 WRI 专家 Vergara 说，"而这些资本需要看到投资回报。"他主导的一项研究预测，若拉丁美洲实现目标，在50年间将获得约230亿美元的估计净现值。

H) Money can come from timber sales in sustainably managed forests or from harvesting 'non-wood products' like nuts, oils and fruits from the trees. You can take note of how much carbon dioxide your forest is capturing and sell carbon credits to companies keen to offset their emissions. Or you can even grow the forest hoping that biodiversity will attract ecotourists who'd pay for lodging, birdwatching tours and meals.

资金可以来自可持续经营林地的木材销售，或来自采收树上的'非木材产品'，如坚果、油料和果实。你可以记录你的森林吸收了多少二氧化碳，并将碳信用额出售给急于抵消自身排放的公司。或者，你甚至可以培育森林，指望生物多样性能吸引生态游客，让他们为住宿、观鸟游和餐食付费。

I) Still, these backers are not your high-street bank. Money for the 20x20 Initiative comes mostly from financial organisations with triple goals—a modest return on their investment, environmental benefits and social gains—known as impact investors. Take the German fund 12Tree for instance, one of the 20x20 partners. It put $9.5 million into Cuango, a 1,455-hectare property on the Caribbean coast of Panama that combines a commercial cocoa tree plantation with timber extraction from a sustainably managed secondary forest. With their money, they reforested a former cattle ranch, provided high-quality jobs for the surrounding communities and made a return on their investment.

不过，这些出资方并不是普通的商业银行。'20x20 倡议'的资金大多来自具有三重目标——适度的投资回报、环境效益和社会收益——的金融组织，即所谓的影响力投资者。以20x20 的合作伙伴之一、德国基金 12Tree 为例。它向 Cuango 投入了950万美元；Cuango 是巴拿马加勒比海岸一处1455公顷的地产，将商业可可种植园与从可持续经营的次生林中提取木材结合起来。凭借这笔资金，他们让一处原先的养牛牧场重新造林，为周边社区提供了高质量的工作岗位，并获得了投资回报。

J) Even on land cleared decades ago and currently used by farmers, some crops can coexist with the forest, if you find the right balance. Although not technically reforestation, agroforestry (a system of land use in which harvestable trees or shrubs are grown among or around crops or on pasture land, as a means of preserving or enhancing the productivity of the land) provides an opportunity for smallholder farmers to sustain their livelihoods while adding some forest cover to their farms.

即便是在数十年前就被清空、如今由农民耕种的土地上，只要找到恰当的平衡，一些农作物也能与森林共存。农林复合经营（一种土地利用方式，即在农作物之间、周围或牧场上种植可收获的树木或灌木，以此保持或提高土地生产力）虽然严格来说不算造林，却为小农户提供了一个机会，让他们既能维持生计，又能为自家农田增添一些森林覆盖。

K) A global project called Breedcafs is studying how trees behave in coffee farms, hoping to find crop varieties that manage to grow under the shade of trees. Coffee grows naturally in such forests, so copying that in farms is taking the crop back to its roots. "By reintroducing trees in the landscape, we impact positively humidity, rain capture, soil conservation and biodiversity preservation," says coffee expert Benoit Bertrand, who leads the project from the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development. Bertrand is analysing which of dozens of coffee varieties fits better for this system. A similar approach can be applied to land with cocoa, vanilla and fruit trees.

一个名为 Breedcafs 的全球项目正在研究树木在咖啡农场中的表现，希望找到能在树荫下生长的作物品种。咖啡本就在这样的森林中自然生长，因此在农场中复制这一点是让作物回归本源。"通过在这片土地上重新引入树木，我们对湿度、雨水收集、土壤保护和生物多样性保护都产生了积极影响，" 领导该项目的法国国际发展农业研究中心咖啡专家 Benoit Bertrand 说。Bertrand 正在分析数十个咖啡品种中哪一个更适合这一系统。类似的方法也可应用于种植可可、香草和果树的土地。

L) Not every piece of land is fit for reforestation. Vergara's partners look for safe investments, and even Land Life Company only runs major projects in what they consider "low-risk" countries. "We tend to avoid large-scale operations in countries in some parts of the Middle East or Africa where the permanence is not secured," says Ruys.

并非每一块土地都适合造林。Vergara 的合作伙伴寻求安全的投资，就连 Land Life 公司也只在他们认为'低风险'的国家开展大型项目。"在中东或非洲某些地区那些无法确保项目持久性的国家，我们往往会避免大规模的运营，" Ruys 说。

M) But in the right location, perhaps all you need is time. In the Central Pacific of Costa Rica, the 330-hectare National Wildlife Refuge Barú looks nothing like the cattle ranch it was before 1987, when Jack Ewing decided to turn this large estate into an ecotourism destination. Instead of intervening, a friend told him to let nature have its way. Barú's former grazing lands are now thriving woods and the property boasts over 150 hectares of secondary forests with no intervention from humans. In the past 10 years, animals such as howling monkeys, scarlet macaws and even migratory cougars have returned to the refuge's land, boosting tourism and revitalising the ecosystem. Ewing, now 75, explains this success using the words his friend chose three decades ago: "In Costa Rica, when you stop managing the shrubs, the jungle comes back for its revenge."

但在合适的地点，也许你所需要的仅仅是时间。在哥斯达黎加中太平洋地区，330公顷的巴鲁国家野生动物保护区如今与1987年之前的养牛牧场毫无相似之处——那一年，Jack Ewing 决定把这片大庄园变成生态旅游目的地。一位朋友劝他不要人为干预，而是让大自然顺其自然。巴鲁昔日的放牧地如今已是郁郁葱葱的树林，这片地产拥有超过150公顷完全无人干预的次生林。在过去10年里，吼猴、绯红金刚鹦鹉，甚至迁徙的美洲狮等动物重新回到了保护区的土地上，推动了旅游业并使生态系统重焕生机。如今75岁的 Ewing 用三十年前朋友说过的话来解释这一成功："在哥斯达黎加，当你不再打理那些灌木，丛林就会卷土重来，向你'复仇'。"