2018年12月六级第1套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) When Katlyn Burbidge's son was 6 years old, he was performing some ridiculous song and dance typical of a first-grader. But after she snapped a photo and started using her phone, he asked her a serious question: "Are you going to post that online?" She laughed and answered, "Yes, I think I will." What he said next stopped her. "Can you not?"

当凯特琳·伯比奇的儿子6岁时，他正在表演一些一年级学生典型的滑稽歌舞。但在她拍了一张照片并开始使用手机后，他问了一个严肃的问题：“你要把那个发到网上吗？”她笑着回答：“是的，我想我会的。”他接下来的话让她愣住了。“你能不发吗？”

B) That's when it dawned on her: She had been posting photos of him online without asking his permission. "We're big advocates of bodily autonomy and not forcing him to hug or kiss people unless he wants to, but it never occurred to me that I should ask his permission to post photos of him online," says Burbidge, a mom of two in Wakefield, Massachusetts. "Now when I post a photo of him online, I show him the photo and get his okay."

就在那时她突然意识到：她一直在未经他同意的情况下在网上发布他的照片。“我们是身体自主权的坚定倡导者，不会强迫他拥抱或亲吻别人，除非他愿意，但我从未想过我应该征求他的同意来在网上发布他的照片，”伯比奇说，她是马萨诸塞州韦克菲尔德的两个孩子的母亲。“现在当我在网上发布他的照片时，我会给他看照片并得到他的同意。”

C) When her 8-month-old is 3 or 4 years old, she plans to start asking him in an age-appropriate way, "Do you want other people to see this?" That's precisely the approach that two researchers advocated before a room of pediatricians (儿科医生) last week at the American Academy of Pediatrics meeting, when they discussed the 21st century challenge of "sharenting," a new term for parents' online sharing about their children. "As advocates of children's rights, we believe that children should have a voice about what information is shared about them if possible," says Stacey Steinberg, a legal skills professor at the University of Florida Levin College of Law in Gainesville.

当她8个月大的孩子3或4岁时，她计划开始以适合年龄的方式问他：“你想让别人看到这个吗？”这正是上周在美国儿科学会会议上，两位研究人员在一屋子儿科医生面前倡导的方法，当时他们讨论了21世纪的挑战——“sharenting”，一个新术语，指父母在网上分享关于孩子的信息。“作为儿童权利的倡导者，我们相信，如果可能，孩子应该对他们被分享的信息有发言权，”斯泰西·斯坦伯格说，她是盖恩斯维尔佛罗里达大学莱文法学院的法律技能教授。

D) Whether it's ensuring that your child isn't bullied over something you post, that their identity isn't digitally "kidnapped", or that their photos don't end up on a half dozen child pornography (色情) sites, as one Australian mom discovered, parents and pediatricians are increasingly aware of the importance of protecting children's digital presence. Steinberg and Bahareh Keith, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Florida College of Medicine, say most children will likely never experience problems related to what their parents share, but a tension still exists between parents' rights to share their experiences and their children's rights to privacy.

无论是确保你的孩子不会因为你发布的内容而被欺凌，他们的身份不会被数字“绑架”，还是他们的照片不会出现在多个儿童色情网站上，正如一位澳大利亚母亲所发现的那样，父母和儿科医生越来越意识到保护儿童数字存在的重要性。斯坦伯格和巴哈雷·基思，佛罗里达大学医学院儿科学助理教授，表示大多数孩子可能永远不会经历与他们父母分享相关的问题，但父母分享经历的权利和孩子隐私权之间的紧张关系仍然存在。

E) "We're in no way trying to silence parents' voices," Steinberg says. "At the same time, we recognize that children might have an interest in entering adulthood free to create their own digital footprint." They cited a study presented earlier this year of 249 pairs of parents and their children in which twice as many children as parents wanted rules on what parents could share. "The parents said, 'We don't need rules—we're fine,' and the children said, 'Our parents need rules,'" Keith says. "The children wanted autonomy about this issue and were worried about their parents sharing information about them."

“我们绝不是想压制父母的声音，”斯坦伯格说。“同时，我们认识到孩子可能对进入成年后自由创造自己的数字足迹感兴趣。”他们引用了今年早些时候发表的一项研究，涉及249对父母和孩子，其中孩子想要关于父母可以分享什么的规则的数量是父母的两倍。“父母说，‘我们不需要规则——我们很好，’而孩子说，‘我们的父母需要规则，’”基思说。“孩子们想要在这个问题上的自主权，并担心父母分享关于他们的信息。”

F) Although the American Academy of Pediatrics offers guidelines recommending that parents model appropriate social media use for their children, it does not explicitly discuss oversharing by parents. "I think this is a very legitimate concern, and I appreciate their drawing our attention to it," David Hill, a father of five, says. He sees a role for pediatricians to talk with parents about this, but believes the messaging must extend far beyond pediatricians' offices. "I look forward to seeing researchers expand our understanding of the issue so we can translate it into effective education and policy," he says.

尽管美国儿科学会提供了指南，建议父母为孩子示范适当的社交媒体使用，但它没有明确讨论父母的过度分享。“我认为这是一个非常合理的担忧，我感谢他们引起我们的注意，”大卫·希尔说，他是五个孩子的父亲。他认为儿科医生有责任与父母讨论这个问题，但相信信息传播必须远远超出儿科医生的办公室。“我期待研究人员扩大我们对这个问题的理解，以便我们可以将其转化为有效的教育和政策，”他说。

G) There's been little research on the topic, Steinberg wrote in a law article about this issue. While states could pass laws related to sharing information about children online, Steinberg feels parents themselves are generally best suited to make these decisions for their families. "While we didn't want to create any unnecessary panic, we did find some concerns that were troublesome, and we thought that parents or at least physicians should be aware of those potential risks," Steinberg says. They include photos repurposed for inappropriate or illegal means, identity theft, embarrassment, bullying by peers or digital kidnapping.

斯坦伯格在一篇关于这个问题的法律文章中写道，对这个主题的研究很少。虽然各州可以通过与在线分享儿童信息相关的法律，但斯坦伯格认为父母通常最适合为他们的家庭做出这些决定。“虽然我们不想制造不必要的恐慌，但我们确实发现了一些令人担忧的问题，我们认为父母或至少医生应该意识到这些潜在风险，”斯坦伯格说。这些风险包括照片被挪用作不当或非法用途、身份盗窃、尴尬、同龄人欺凌或数字绑架。

H) But that's the negative side, with risks that must be balanced against the benefits of sharing. Steinberg pointed out that parental sharing on social media helps build communities, connect spread-out families, provide support and raise awareness around important social issues for which parents might be their children's only voice.

但那是负面的一方面，风险必须与分享的好处相平衡。斯坦伯格指出，父母在社交媒体上的分享有助于建立社区，连接分散的家庭，提供支持，并提高对重要社会问题的认识，对于这些问题，父母可能是孩子唯一的发声者。

I) A C.S. Mott survey found among the 56 percent of mothers and 34 percent of fathers who discussed parenting on social media, 72 percent of them said sharing made them feel less alone, and nearly as many said sharing helped them worry less and gave them advice from other parents. The most common topics they discussed included kids' sleep, nutrition, discipline, behavior problems and day care and preschool.

一项C.S. Mott调查发现，在56%的母亲和34%的父亲中，他们在社交媒体上讨论育儿，其中72%的人说分享让他们感觉不那么孤独，几乎同样多的人说分享帮助他们减少担忧，并从其他父母那里获得建议。他们讨论的最常见话题包括孩子的睡眠、营养、纪律、行为问题以及日托和学前班。

J) "There's this peer-to-peer nature of health care these days with a profound opportunity for parents to learn helpful tips, safety and prevention efforts, pro-vaccine messages and all kinds of other messages from other parents in their social communities," says Wendy Sue Swanson, a pediatrician and executive director of digital health at Seattle Children's Hospital, where she blogs about her own parenting journey to help other parents. "They're getting nurtured by people they've already selected that they trust," she says.

“如今医疗保健具有这种点对点的性质，父母有深刻的机会从他们社交社区中的其他父母那里学习有用的技巧、安全和预防措施、支持疫苗接种的信息以及其他各种信息，”温迪·苏·斯旺森说，她是西雅图儿童医院的儿科医生和数字健康执行主任，在那里她通过博客分享自己的育儿之旅以帮助其他父母。“他们正在从他们已经选择并信任的人那里获得滋养，”她说。

K) "How do we weigh the risks, how do we think about the benefits, and how do we alleviate the risks?" she says. "Those are the questions we need to ask ourselves, and everyone can have a different answer."

“我们如何权衡风险，我们如何看待好处，以及我们如何减轻风险？”她说。“这些是我们需要问自己的问题，每个人都可以有不同的答案。”

L) Some parents find the best route for them is not to share at all. Bridget O'Hanlon and her husband, who live in Cleveland, decided before their daughter was born that they would not post her photos online. When a few family members did post pictures, O'Hanlon and her husband made their wishes clear. "It's been hard not to share pictures of her because people always want to know how babies and toddlers (学走路的孩子) are doing and to see pictures, but we made the decision to have social media while she did not," O'Hanlon said. Similarly, Alison Jamison of New York decided with her husband that their child had a right to their own online identity. They did use an invitation-only photo sharing platform so that friends and family, including those far away, could see the photos, but they stood firm, simply refusing to put their child's photos on other social media platforms.

一些父母发现对他们来说最好的路线是根本不分享。布里奇特·奥汉隆和她的丈夫住在克利夫兰，在女儿出生前决定不把她的照片发布到网上。当一些家庭成员确实发布了照片时，奥汉隆和她的丈夫明确表达了他们的愿望。“不分享她的照片很难，因为人们总是想知道婴儿和学走路的孩子的近况并看到照片，但我们决定她没有社交媒体时我们有，”奥汉隆说。同样，纽约的艾莉森·贾米森和她的丈夫决定他们的孩子有权拥有自己的在线身份。他们确实使用了一个仅限邀请的照片分享平台，以便朋友和家人，包括那些远在他乡的人，可以看到照片，但他们立场坚定，就是拒绝把孩子的照片发布到其他社交媒体平台上。

M) "For most families, it's a journey. Sometimes it goes wrong, but most of the time it doesn't," says Swanson, who recommends starting to ask children permission to post narratives or photos around ages 6 to 8. "We'll learn more and more what our tolerance is. We can ask our kids to help us learn as a society what's okay and what's not."

“对大多数家庭来说，这是一个旅程。有时会出错，但大多数时候不会，”斯旺森说，她建议在6到8岁左右开始征求孩子同意发布叙述或照片。“我们会越来越了解我们的容忍度。我们可以请我们的孩子帮助我们作为一个社会学习什么是可接受的，什么是不可接受的。”

N) Indeed, that learning process goes both ways. Bria Dunham, a mother in Somerville, Massachusetts, was so excited to watch a moment of brotherly bonding while her first-grader and baby took a bath together that she snapped a few photos. But when she considered posting them online, she took the perspective of her son: How would he feel if his classmates' parents saw photos of him chest-up in the bathtub? "It made me think about how I'm teaching him to have ownership of his own body and how what is shared today endures into the future," Dunham says. "So I kept the pictures to myself and accepted this as one more step in supporting his increasing autonomy."

确实，这个学习过程是双向的。布里亚·邓纳姆，马萨诸塞州萨默维尔的一位母亲，当她的老大和小宝宝一起洗澡时，她非常兴奋地看到兄弟情谊的时刻，于是拍了几张照片。但当她考虑把它们发布到网上时，她从儿子的角度考虑：如果他同学的父母看到他胸部以上的浴缸照片，他会怎么想？“这让我思考我如何教导他拥有自己身体的所有权，以及今天分享的东西如何持续到未来，”邓纳姆说。“所以我把照片留给自己，并接受这是支持他日益增长的自主权的又一步。”