2019年06月四级第1套仔细阅读 Passage 2 原文翻译及答案解析

If you were like most children, you probably got upset when your mother called you by a sibling's (兄弟姐妹的) name. How could she not know you? Did it mean she loved you less?

如果你像大多数孩子一样，当母亲用兄弟姐妹的名字称呼你时，你可能会感到不安。她怎么会不认识你？这是否意味着她爱你少了？

Probably not. According to the first research to tackle this topic head-on, misnaming the most familiar people in our life is a common cognitive (认知的) error that has to do with how our memories classify and store familiar names.

可能不是。根据首次正面探讨这一主题的研究，叫错生活中最熟悉的人的名字是一种常见的认知错误，这与我们的记忆如何分类和存储熟悉的名字有关。

The study, published online in April in the journal Memory and Cognition, found that the "wrong" name is not random but is invariably fished out from the same relationship pond: children, siblings, friends. The study did not examine the possibility of deep psychological significance to the mistake, says psychologist David Rubin, "but it does tell us who's in and who's out of the group."

这项研究于四月在线发表在《记忆与认知》期刊上，发现“错误”的名字并非随机，而是总是从同一个关系池中捞出：孩子、兄弟姐妹、朋友。心理学家David Rubin说，这项研究没有考察错误背后是否有深层心理意义，“但它确实告诉我们谁在这个群体内，谁在群体外。”

The study also found that within that group, misnamings occurred where the names shared initial or internal sounds, like Jimmy and Joanie or John and Bob. Physical resemblance between people was not a factor. Nor was gender.

研究还发现，在该群体内，当名字共享首字母或内部音时，比如Jimmy和Joanie或John和Bob，叫错名字的情况会发生。人们之间的身体相似性不是一个因素。性别也不是。

The researchers conducted five separate surveys of more than 1,700 people. Some of the surveys included only college students; others were done with a mixed-age population. Some asked subjects about incidents where someone close to them—family or friend—had called them by another person's name. The other surveys asked about times when subjects had themselves called someone close to them by the wrong name. All the surveys found that people mixed up names within relationship groups such as grandchildren, friends and siblings but hardly ever crossed these boundaries.

研究人员对超过1700人进行了五项独立调查。一些调查仅包括大学生；其他调查则针对混合年龄群体。一些调查询问受试者关于亲近的人——家人或朋友——用别人的名字叫他们的事件。其他调查询问受试者自己用错误的名字叫亲近的人的时刻。所有调查都发现，人们在关系群体（如孙辈、朋友和兄弟姐妹）内混淆名字，但几乎从不跨越这些界限。

In general, the study found that undergraduates were almost as likely as old people to make this mistake and men as likely as women. Older people and this mistake and men as likely as women. Older people and women made the mistake slightly more often, but that may be because grandparents have more grandchildren to mix up than parents have children. Also, mothers may call on their children more often than fathers, given traditional gender norms. There was no evidence that errors occurred more when the misnamer was frustrated, tired or angry.

总的来说，研究发现大学生犯这种错误的可能性几乎与老年人一样，男性与女性一样。老年人和女性犯错误的频率略高，但这可能是因为祖父母比父母有更多的孙辈需要混淆。此外，鉴于传统性别规范，母亲可能比父亲更常叫孩子。没有证据表明当叫错名字的人感到沮丧、疲倦或愤怒时，错误发生得更多。