2019年06月四级第2套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) Broad demographic (人口的) shifts is marital status, educational attainment and employment have transformed the way young adults in the U.S. are living, and a new Pew Research Center analysis highlights the implications of these changes for the most basic element of their lives—where they call home. In 2014, for the first time in more than 130 years, adults ages 18 to 34 were slightly more likely to be living in their parents' home than they were to be living with a spouse or partner in their own household.

广泛的人口结构转变，包括婚姻状况、教育水平和就业状况，已经改变了美国年轻人的生活方式，皮尤研究中心的一项新分析强调了这些变化对他们生活中最基本要素——他们的住所——的影响。2014年，130多年来首次，18至34岁的成年人更有可能住在父母家中，而不是与配偶或伴侣住在自己的家庭中。

B) This turn of events is fuelled primarily by the dramatic drop in the share of young Americans who are choosing to settle down romantically before age 35. Dating back to 1880, the most common living arrangement among young adults has been living with a romantic partner, whether a spouse or a significant other. This type of arrangement peaked around 1960, when 62% of the nation's 18-to 34-year-olds were living with a spouse or partner in their own household, and only one-in-five were living with their parents.

这一转变主要由选择在35岁前安定下来的美国年轻人比例急剧下降所推动。自1880年以来，年轻人最常见的居住安排一直是与浪漫伴侣同住，无论是配偶还是重要他人。这种安排在1960年左右达到顶峰，当时全国62%的18至34岁年轻人与配偶或伴侣住在自己的家庭中，只有五分之一的人与父母同住。

C) By 2014, 31.6% of young adults were living with a spouse or partner in their own household, below the share living in the home of their parent(s) (32.1%). Some 14% of young adults lived alone, were a single parent or lived with one or more roommates. The remaining 22% lived in the home of another family member (such as a grandparent, in-law or sibling (兄弟姐妹), a non-relative, or in group quarters like college dormitories.

到2014年，31.6%的年轻人与配偶或伴侣住在自己的家庭中，低于住在父母家中的比例（32.1%）。约14%的年轻人独居、是单亲父母或与一个或多个室友同住。其余22%住在其他家庭成员（如祖父母、姻亲或兄弟姐妹）、非亲属的家中，或住在集体宿舍如大学宿舍中。

D) It's worth noting that the overall share of young adults living with their parents was not at a record high in 2014. This arrangement peaked around 1940, when about 35% of the nation's 18-to 34-year-olds lived with mom and/or dad (compared with 32% in 2014). What has changed, instead, is the relative share adopting different ways of living in early adulthood, with the decline of romantic coupling pushing living at home to the top of a much less uniform list of living arrangements.

值得注意的是，2014年与父母同住的年轻人总比例并未达到历史最高水平。这种安排在1940年左右达到顶峰，当时全国约35%的18至34岁年轻人与父母同住（相比之下2014年为32%）。相反，变化的是在成年早期采用不同生活方式的相对比例，随着浪漫结合的减少，与父母同住被推到了一个远不那么统一的居住安排列表的顶部。

E) Among young adults, living arrangements differ significantly by gender. For men ages 18 to 34, living at home with mom and/or dad has been the dominant living arrangement since 2009. In 2014, 28% of young men were living with a spouse of partner in their own home, while 35% were living in the home of their parent(s). Young women, however, are still more likely to be living with a spouse of romantic partner(35%) than they are to be living with their parent(s)(29%).

在年轻人中，居住安排因性别而显著不同。对于18至34岁的男性，自2009年以来，与父母同住一直是主要的居住安排。2014年，28%的年轻男性与配偶或伴侣住在自己的家中，而35%的人住在父母家中。然而，年轻女性更有可能与配偶或浪漫伴侣同住（35%），而不是与父母同住（29%）。

F) In 2014, more young women (16%) than young men (13%) were heading up a household without a spouse or partner. This is mainly because women are more likely than men to be single parents living with their children. For their part, young men (25%) are more likely than young women (19%) to be living in the home of another family member, a non-relative or in some type of group quarters.

2014年，更多年轻女性（16%）比年轻男性（13%）在没有配偶或伴侣的情况下主持家庭。这主要是因为女性比男性更可能是与子女同住的单亲父母。另一方面，年轻男性（25%）比年轻女性（19%）更有可能住在其他家庭成员、非亲属的家中，或某种类型的集体宿舍中。

G) A variety of factors contribute to the long-run increase in the share of young. Adults living with the parents. The first in the postponement of, if not retreat from, marriage. The average age of first marriage has risen steadily for decades. In addition, a growing share of young adult may be avoiding marriage altogether. A previous Pew Research Center analysis projected that as many as one-in-four of today's young adult may never marry. While cohabitation (同居) has been on the rise, the overall share of young adults either married or living with an unmarried partner has substantially fallen since 1990.

多种因素促成了与父母同住的年轻人比例的长期上升。首先是婚姻的推迟，如果不是回避的话。初婚平均年龄几十年来稳步上升。此外，越来越多的年轻人可能完全避免结婚。皮尤研究中心先前的分析预测，今天的年轻人中有多达四分之一可能永远不会结婚。虽然同居现象在增加，但自1990年以来，已婚或与未婚伴侣同住的年轻人总比例大幅下降。

H) In addition, trends in both employment status and wages have likely contributed to the growing share of young adults who are living in the home of their parent(s), and this is especially true of young men. Employed young men are much less likely to live at home than young men without a job, and employment among young men has fallen significantly in recent decades. The share of young men with jobs peaked around 1960 at 84%. In 2014, only 71% of 18-to-34-year-old men were employed. Similarly with earnings, young men's wages (after adjusting for inflation) have been on a downward trajectory (轨迹) since 1970 and fell significantly form 2000 to 2010. As wages have fallen, the share of young men living in the home of their parent(s) has risen.

此外，就业状况和工资的趋势可能促成了住在父母家中的年轻人比例的增加，这对年轻男性尤为明显。有工作的年轻男性比失业的年轻男性更不可能住在家中，而近年来年轻男性的就业率显著下降。年轻男性的就业比例在1960年左右达到峰值，为84%。2014年，只有71%的18至34岁男性就业。工资方面类似，年轻男性的工资（经通胀调整后）自1970年以来一直处于下降轨迹，并在2000年至2010年间显著下降。随着工资下降，住在父母家中的年轻男性比例上升。

I) Economic factors seem to explain less of why young adult women are increasingly likely to live at home. Generally, young women have had growing success in the paid labor market since 1960 and hence might increasingly be expected to be able to afford to afford to live independently of their parents. For women, delayed marriage—which is related, in part, to labor market outcomes for men—may explain more of the increase in their living in the family home.

经济因素似乎较少解释为什么年轻成年女性越来越可能住在家中。一般来说，自1960年以来，年轻女性在有偿劳动力市场上取得了越来越多的成功，因此可能越来越被期望能够独立于父母生活。对女性而言，婚姻的推迟——这部分与男性的劳动力市场结果相关——可能更多地解释了她们住在家庭中的增加。

J) The Great Recession (and modest recovery) has also been associated with an increase in young adults living at home. Initially in the wake of the recession, college enrollments expanded, boosting the ranks of young adults living at home. And given the weak job opportunities facing young adults, living at home was part of the private safety net to help young adults to weather the economic storm.

大衰退（以及温和的复苏）也与年轻人住在家中增加有关。最初在大衰退之后，大学入学率扩大，增加了住在家中年轻人的数量。鉴于年轻人面临的就业机会疲软，住在家中是私人安全网的一部分，帮助年轻人抵御经济风暴。

K) Beyond gender, young adult's living arrangements differ considerably by education—which is tied to financial means. For young adults without a bachelor's degree, as of 2008 living at home with their parents was more prevalent than living with a romantic partner. By 2014, 36% of 18-to 34-year-olds who had not completed a bachelor's degree were living with their parent(s) while 27% were living with a spouse or partner. Among college graduates, in 2014 46% were married or living with a partner, and only 19% were living with their parent(s). Young adults with a college degree have fared much better in the labor market than their less-educated counterparts, which has in turn made it easier to establish their own households.

除了性别，年轻人的居住安排因教育水平而显著不同——这与经济能力相关。对于没有学士学位的年轻人，截至2008年，与父母同住比与浪漫伴侣同住更为普遍。到2014年，36%的未完成学士学位的18至34岁年轻人与父母同住，而27%的人与配偶或伴侣同住。在大学毕业生中，2014年46%已婚或与伴侣同住，只有19%与父母同住。拥有大学学位的年轻人在劳动力市场上比教育程度较低的同龄人表现更好，这反过来使得他们更容易建立自己的家庭。