2020年09月四级第1套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) Imagine a drug that could enhance a child's creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug was simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation's leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.

想象一种药物，能增强孩子的创造力和批判性思维。想象这种药物制作简单、服用安全，而且可以免费获得。美国顶尖的儿科医生表示，这种神奇化合物确实存在。在一份新的临床报告中，他们敦促医生为照护的儿童大量开具这种处方。

B) "This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren't told what to do," said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it's rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.

“这可能看起来过时了，但当孩子们不被告诉该做什么时，他们能学到技能，”哈佛医学院儿科医生、领导起草这一呼吁的Michael Yogman博士说。无论是粗暴的身体游戏、户外游戏还是假装游戏，孩子们都能从随机应变的机会中获得重要教训，他说。

C) The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it's not. The academy's guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.

这份周一由美国儿科学会发布的建议，可能会让一些家长感到震惊。在多年为购买哪些玩具、下载哪些应用程序以及送孩子参加哪些技能培养课程而烦恼之后，让他们单纯玩耍——或者更好的是，与他们一起玩耍——可能看起来像是退步。儿科医生们坚持认为并非如此。该学会的指南不包括关于玩耍剂量的具体建议。相反，它要求医生在婴儿两岁前告知家长，玩耍对健康发展至关重要。

D) "Play is not silly behavior," the academy's report declares. It fosters children's creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills-all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians' view, essentially every life skill that's valued in adults can be built up with play. "Collaboration, negotiation, decision making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play," they wrote. The pediatricians' appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.

“玩耍不是愚蠢行为，”该学会的报告宣称。它培养孩子们的创造力、合作和解决问题的能力——这些对21世纪的劳动力至关重要。该学会表示，当父母与孩子一起玩耍时，它筑起一道抵御各种压力（包括贫困）有害影响的屏障。在儿科医生看来，基本上成年人所珍视的每一项生活技能都可以通过玩耍来培养。“协作、谈判、决策、创造力、领导力和增加的体育活动只是孩子们通过玩耍获得的一些技能和益处，”他们写道。儿科医生的呼吁是在孩子们被学校日益增加的学业要求和数字媒体的持续侵入所挤压的背景下发出的。

E) The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic "skills and drills" has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.

这些趋势已经持续很长时间了。在1981年至1997年之间，详细的时间使用研究表明，孩子们花在玩耍上的时间减少了25%。自2001年全面教育改革以来，公立学校稳步增加了用于准备标准化测试的时间。对学术“技能和训练”的重视严重侵蚀了课间休息和其他自由玩耍的时间。

F) By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of "choice time," when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for "free play." Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the "crucial role of recess in school."

到2009年，一项对洛杉矶幼儿园教室的研究发现，五岁的孩子被学业要求压得喘不过气，平均每天只有19分钟的“选择时间”，即允许他们自由玩积木、玩具或与其他孩子玩耍的时间。四分之一的洛杉矶教师报告说，根本没有时间进行“自由玩耍”。增加的学业压力导致30%的美国幼儿园班级没有任何课间休息。这些发现促使美国儿科学会在2013年发布了一份关于“课间休息在学校中的关键作用”的政策声明。

G) Pediatricians aren't the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled "Crisis in the Kindergarten," a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood "a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world." Kids in play-based kindergartens "end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people," the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.

儿科医生并不是唯一注意到这一点的人。在一份题为“幼儿园危机”的报告中，一群教育工作者、健康专业人士和儿童倡导者称，童年早期玩耍的丧失是“一场悲剧，既对孩子自身，也对我们国家和世界。”2009年，儿童联盟表示，在基于玩耍的幼儿园中长大的孩子“最终在阅读和其他智力技能上同样优秀或更好，他们更有可能成为适应良好、健康的人。”Yogman说，确实，新研究展示了为什么玩积木可能是更好时间的利用。这项试验评估了针对学龄前儿童的早期数学干预的有效性。结果显示，在数学成绩上几乎没有提高。

H) Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids' time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.

另一个窃取玩耍时间的因素：孩子们花在屏幕和数字设备上的时间比例不断增长，甚至在学龄前儿童中也是如此。去年，Common Sense Media报告称，八岁及以下儿童平均每天花在屏幕前的时间为两小时19分钟，其中包括两岁以下儿童平均每天42分钟。美国儿科学会在2016年警告说，这种数字使用的增加伴随着肥胖、睡眠剥夺以及认知、语言和社交情感延迟风险的上升。

I) "I respect that parents have busy lives and it's easy to hand a child an iPhone, " Yogman said. "But there's a cost to that. For young children, it's much too passive. And kids really learn better when they're actively engaged and have to really discover things. "

“我尊重父母有忙碌的生活，给孩子一个iPhone很容易，”Yogman说。“但这有代价。对年幼的孩子来说，这过于被动。孩子们在积极参与并必须真正发现事物时，学习效果更好。”

J) The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States who live in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.

玩耍的衰退对美国大约五分之一生活在贫困中的儿童来说是一个特殊危险。这1400万儿童最迫切需要培养通过玩耍培养的韧劲。相反，Yogman说，他们受到一些使玩耍稀缺的趋势的过度影响：学校需要提高考试成绩的学业压力、有限或不安全的户外玩耍区域，以及缺乏时间或精力分享玩耍时间的父母。

K) Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. "The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service, " he said. Even well-meaning parents may be "robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own."

Yogman也担心挤压更富裕孩子玩耍时间的压力。“作为父母，我们需要安排他们每一分钟的观念并不是在为他们提供良好服务，”他说。即使是善意的父母也可能“剥夺了他们拥有发现和好奇的喜悦的机会——即自己找出事物的机会。”

L) Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians' new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. "It's liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do, " he said. "It doesn't have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It's something we can offer that's achievable. They just don't recognize it right now as particularly valuable. "

玩耍可能对孩子来说不难推销。但加州大学洛杉矶分校儿科医生Carlos Lerner承认，儿科医生的新处方可能会遭到父母的怀疑，他们渴望得到如何在社会中给孩子优势的建议。Lerner说，他们应该欢迎信息的简单性。“能够提供这个建议是令人解放的：你花时间陪伴孩子并让他玩耍是你能做的最有价值的事情之一，”他说。“这不一定涉及花费大量金钱或时间，或加入育儿小组。这是我们能提供的、可实现的东西。他们现在只是没有认识到它特别有价值。”