2020年09月四级第1套仔细阅读 Passage 1 原文翻译及答案解析

Americans spend billions of dollars each year trying to change their weight with diets, gym memberships and plastic surgery.

美国人每年花费数十亿美元试图通过节食、健身房会员和整形手术来改变体重。

Trying to live up to the images of "perfect" models and movie heroes has a dark side: anxiety, depression, as well as unhealthy strategies for weight loss or muscle gain. It also has a financial cost. Having an eating disorder boosts annual health care costs by nearly US $ 2 000 per person.

试图达到“完美”模特和电影英雄的形象有其阴暗面：焦虑、抑郁，以及不健康的减肥或增肌策略。这也有经济成本。患有饮食失调症会使每人每年的医疗费用增加近2000美元。

Why is there both external and internal pressure to look "perfect"? One reason is that society rewards people who are thin and healthy-looking. Researchers have shown that body mass index is related to wages and income. Especially for women, there is a clear penalty at work for being overweight or obese. Some studies have also found an impact for men, though a less noticeable one.

为什么存在外表“完美”的内外部压力？一个原因是社会奖励那些看起来苗条和健康的人。研究人员已经表明，身体质量指数与工资和收入相关。尤其是对于女性，超重或肥胖在工作中有明显的惩罚。一些研究也发现对男性有影响，尽管不太明显。

While the research literature is clear that labor market success is partly based on how employers and customers perceive your body image, no one had explored the other side of the question. Does a person's own perception of body image matter to earnings and other indicators of success in the workplace?

虽然研究文献明确表明，劳动力市场的成功部分取决于雇主和顾客如何感知你的身体形象，但没有人探索过问题的另一面。一个人自身对身体形象的感知是否会影响收入和其他工作场所的成功指标？

Our recently published study answered this question by tracking a large national random sample of Americans over a critical time period when bodies change from teenage shape into adult form and when people build their identities.

我们最近发表的研究通过追踪一个全国性的大规模随机样本美国人，在一个关键时期内——当身体从青少年形态转变为成人形态，以及当人们建立身份认同的时候——回答了这个问题。

As in other research, women in our sample tend to over-perceive their weight-they think they're heavier than they are-while men tend to under-perceive theirs.

正如其他研究一样，我们样本中的女性倾向于高估自己的体重——她们认为自己比实际重——而男性则倾向于低估自己的体重。

We found no relationship between the average person's self-perception of weight and labor market outcomes, although self-perceived weight can influence self-esteem (自尊心), mental health and health behaviors.

我们发现普通人的自身体重感知与劳动力市场结果之间没有关系，尽管自感体重会影响自尊心、心理健康和健康行为。

While the continued gender penalty in the labor market is frustrating, our finding that misperceived weight does not harm workers is more heartening.

虽然劳动力市场中持续的性别惩罚令人沮丧，但我们发现误解体重不会伤害工人这一结果更令人鼓舞。

Since employers' perception of weight is what matters in the labor market, changing discrimination laws to include body type as a category would help. Michigan is the only state that prohibits discrimination on the basis of weight and height. We believe expanding such protections would make the labor market more fair and efficient.

既然雇主对体重的感知在劳动力市场中至关重要，那么修改歧视法律，将体型作为一类会有帮助。密歇根州是唯一一个禁止基于体重和身高进行歧视的州。我们认为扩大此类保护将使劳动力市场更公平和更高效。