2016年12月六级第2套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) On a glacier-filled island with fords (峡湾) and elephant seals, Russia has built Antarctica's first Orthodox church on a hill overlooking its research base. Less than an hour away by snowmobile, Chinese laborers have updated the Great Wall Station, a vital part of China's plan to operate five bases on Antarctica, complete with an indoor badminton court and sleeping quarters for 150 people. Not to be outdone, India's futuristic new Bharathi base, built on stilts (柱子) using 134 interlocking shipping containers, resembles a spaceship. Turkey and Iran have announced plans to build bases too.

在拥有峡湾和象海豹的冰川覆盖岛屿上，俄罗斯在其研究基地上方的小山上建造了南极洲的第一座东正教教堂。乘雪地摩托不到一小时的路程，中国劳工更新了长城站，这是中国计划在南极洲运营五个基地的关键部分，配有室内羽毛球场和可容纳150人的睡眠区。不甘示弱，印度未来主义的新Bharathi基地，建在柱子上，使用134个互锁的集装箱，外观像一艘宇宙飞船。土耳其和伊朗也宣布了建造基地的计划。

B) More than a century has passed since explorers raced to plant their flags at the bottom of the world, and for decades to come this continent is supposed to be protected as a scientific preserve, shielded from intrusions like military activities and mining. But an array of countries are rushing to assert greater influence here, with an eye not just towards the day those protective treaties expire, but also for the strategic and commercial opportunities that already exist.

一个多世纪以来，探险家们争相在世界底部插旗，未来几十年，这个大陆理应作为科学保护区受到保护，免受军事活动和采矿等入侵。但一系列国家正急于在这里施加更大影响力，不仅着眼于保护条约到期的那一天，也瞄准已经存在的战略和商业机会。

C) The newer players are stepping into what they view as a treasure house of resources. Some of the ventures focus on the Antarctic resources that are already up for grabs, like abundant sea life. South Korea, which operates state-of-the-art bases here, is increasing its fishing of krill (磷虾), found in abundance in the Southern Ocean, while Russia recently frustrated efforts to create one of the world's largest ocean sanctuaries here.

新玩家正踏入他们视为资源宝库的地方。一些企业专注于已经可以争夺的南极资源，如丰富的海洋生物。韩国在这里运营最先进的基地，正在增加对磷虾的捕捞，磷虾在南大洋大量存在，而俄罗斯最近挫败了在这里建立世界最大海洋保护区之一的努力。

D) Some scientists are examining the potential for harvesting icebergs from Antarctica, which is estimated to have the biggest reserves of fresh water on the planet. Nations are also pressing ahead with space research and satellite projects to expand their global navigation abilities.

一些科学家正在研究从南极洲开采冰山的潜力，据估计南极洲拥有地球上最大的淡水储备。各国也在推进空间研究和卫星项目，以扩大其全球导航能力。

E) Building on a Soviet-era foothold, Russia is expanding its monitoring stations for Glonass, its version of the Global Positioning System (GPS). At least three Russian stations are already operating in Antarctica -- part of its effort to challenge the dominance of the American GPS, and new stations are planned for sites like than Russian base, in the shadow of the Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity.

基于苏联时代的立足点，俄罗斯正在扩大其格洛纳斯（Glonass）监测站，格洛纳斯是俄罗斯版的全球定位系统（GPS）。至少三个俄罗斯站点已在南极洲运营——这是其挑战美国GPS主导地位的一部分努力，并且计划在像俄罗斯基地这样的地点设立新站点，位于圣三一东正教教堂的阴影下。

F) Elsewhere in Antarctica, Russian researchers boast of their recent discovery of a freshwater reserve the size of Lake Ontario after drilling through miles of solid ice. "You can see that we're here to stay," said Vladimir Cheberdak, 57, chief of the Bellingshausen Station, as he sipped tea under a portrait of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, a high-ranking officer in the Imperial Russian Navy who explored the Antarctic coast in 1820.

在南极洲其他地方，俄罗斯研究人员夸耀他们最近在钻穿数英里厚的坚冰后，发现了一个安大略湖大小的淡水储备。57岁的Bellingshausen站站长Vladimir Cheberdak说：“你可以看到我们是要留在这里的，”他一边喝茶，一边坐在Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen的肖像下，后者是帝国俄罗斯海军的高级军官，于1820年探索了南极海岸。

G) Antarctica's mineral, oil and gas wealth are a longer-term prize. The treaty banning mining here, shielding coveted (令人垂诞的) reserves of iron ore, coal and chromium, comes up for review in 2048. Researchers recently found kimberlite (金伯利岩) deposits hinting at the existence of diamonds. And while assessments vary widely, geologists estimate that Antarctica holds at least 36 billion barrels of oil and natural gas.

南极洲的矿产、石油和天然气财富是更长远的奖赏。禁止在这里采矿的条约，保护着令人垂涎的铁矿石、煤炭和铬矿储备，将于2048年接受审查。研究人员最近发现了金伯利岩矿床，暗示存在钻石。尽管评估差异很大，地质学家估计南极洲至少拥有360亿桶石油和天然气。

H) Beyond the Antarctic treaties, huge obstacles persist to tapping these resources, like drifting icebergs that could jeopardize offshore platforms. Then there is Antarctic's remoteness. with some mineral deposits found in windswept locations on a continent that is larger than Europe and where winter temperatures hover around minus 55 degrees Celsius.

除了南极条约，开采这些资源还存在巨大障碍，如漂移的冰山可能危及海上平台。还有南极洲的偏远。一些矿床位于风蚀地点，这个大陆比欧洲还大，冬季温度徘徊在零下55摄氏度左右。

I) But advances in technology might make Antarctica a lot more accessible three decades from now. And even before then, scholars warn, the demand for resources in an energy-hungry world could raise pressure to renegotiate Antarctica's treaties, possibly allowing more commercial endeavours here well before the prohibitions against them expire. The research stations on King George Island offer a glimpse into the long game on this ice-blanketed continent as nations assert themselves, eroding the sway long held by countries like the United States, Britain, Australia and New Zealand.

但技术进步可能使南极洲在三十年后变得更容易接近。学者们警告说，甚至在此之前，能源饥渴的世界对资源的需求可能增加重新谈判南极条约的压力，可能允许更多商业活动在禁令到期前在这里进行。乔治王岛上的研究站提供了一个窗口，可以看到各国在这个冰雪覆盖的大陆上的长期博弈，它们正在削弱美国、英国、澳大利亚和新西兰等国家长期保持的影响力。

J) Being stationed in Antarctica involves adapting to life on the planet's driest, windiest and coldest continent, yet each nation manages to make itself at home. Bearded Russian priests offer regular services at the Orthodox church for the 16 or so Russian speakers who spend the winter at the base, largely polar scientists in fields like glaciology and meteorology. Their number climbs to about 40 in the warmer summer months. China has arguably the fastest-growing operations in Antarctica. It opened its fourth station last year and is pressing ahead with plans to build a fifth. It is building its second ice-breaking ship and setting up research drilling operations on an ice dome 13,422 feet above sea level that is one the planet's coldest places. Chinese officials say the expansion in Antarctica prioritises scientific research, but they also acknowledge that concerns about resource security" influence their moves.

驻扎在南极洲需要适应地球上最干燥、最多风和最寒冷大陆的生活，但每个国家都设法使自己感到舒适。留着胡子的俄罗斯牧师在东正教堂为大约16名在基地过冬的俄罗斯人提供定期服务，主要是冰川学和气象学等领域的极地科学家。在更温暖的夏季，他们的数量增加到约40人。可以说中国在南极洲的操作增长最快。去年它开放了第四个站点，并正推进建造第五个站点的计划。它正在建造第二艘破冰船，并在海拔13,422英尺的冰穹上设立研究钻探作业，这是地球上最冷的地方之一。中国官员说，在南极洲的扩张优先考虑科学研究，但他们也承认资源安全关切影响了他们的行动。

K) China's newly renovated Great Wall Station on King George Island makes the Russian and Chilean bases here seem outdated. "We do weather monitoring here and other research." Ning Xu, 53, the chief of the Chinese base, said over tea during a fierce blizzard (暴风雪) in late November. The large base he leads resembles a snowed-in college campus on holiday break, with the capacity to sleep more than 10 times the 13 people who were staying on through the Antarctic winter. Yong Yu, a Chinese microbiologist, showed off the spacious building, with empty desks under an illustrated timeline detailing the rapid growth of China's Antarctic operations since the 1980s. "We now feel equipped to grow," he said.

中国新近翻新的长城站使这里的俄罗斯和智利基地显得过时。中国基地站长、53岁的宁旭在11月底一场猛烈的暴风雪期间边喝茶边说：“我们在这里进行天气监测和其他研究。”他领导的大型基地像一个被大雪封住的校园在假期，其睡眠容量超过在南极洲过冬的13人10倍以上。中国微生物学家Yong Yu展示了这座宽敞的建筑，空桌子上方有一幅插图时间线，详细介绍了自20世纪80年代以来中国南极操作的快速发展。他说：“我们现在感到有能力增长。”

L) As some countries expand operations in Antarctica, the United States maintains three year-round stations on the continent with more than 1, 000 people during the southern hemisphere's summer, including those at the Amundsen-Scott station, built in 1956 at an elevation of 9,301 feet on a plateau at the South Pole. But US researchers quietly complain about budget restraints and having far fewer icebreakers the Russia, limiting the reach of the United States in Antarctica.

随着一些国家扩大在南极洲的操作，美国在该大陆维持三个全年站点，在南半球的夏季有超过1,000人，包括在阿蒙森-斯科特站的人员，该站建于1956年，位于南极高原海拔9,301英尺处。但美国研究人员私下抱怨预算限制和破冰船数量远少于俄罗斯，限制了美国在南极洲的影响力。

M) Scholars warn that Antarctica's political drift could blur the distinction between military and civilian activities long before the continent's treaties come up for renegotiation, especially in parts of Antarctica that are ideal for intercepting (拦截) signals from satellites or retasking satellite systems, potentially enhancing global electronic intelligence operations.

学者们警告说，南极洲的政治漂移可能早在大陆条约重新谈判之前就模糊军事和民用活动之间的区别，特别是在南极洲一些理想用于拦截卫星信号或重新部署卫星系统的部分，可能增强全球电子情报操作。

N) Some countries have had a hard time here, Brazil opened a research station in 1984, but it was largely destroyed by a fire that killed two members of the navy in 2012, the same year that a diesel-laden Brazilian barge sank near the base. As if that were not enough, a Brazilian C-130 Hercules military transport plane has remained stranded near the runway of Chile's air base here since it crash-landed in 2014.

一些国家在这里遭遇了困难，巴西于1984年开放了一个研究站，但在2012年被一场火灾基本摧毁，造成两名海军成员死亡，同年一艘载有柴油的巴西驳船在基地附近沉没。仿佛这还不够，一架巴西C-130大力神军用运输机自2014年坠毁后一直滞留在智利空军基地的跑道附近。

O) However, Brazil's stretch of misfortune has created opportunities for China, with a Chinese company winning the $100 million contract in 2015 to rebuild the Brazilian station.

然而，巴西的一连串不幸为中国创造了机会，一家中国公司在2015年赢得了价值1亿美元的合同来重建巴西站点。

P) Amid all the changes, Antarctica maintains its allure. South Korea opened its second Antarctic research base in 2014, describing it as a way to test robots developed by Korean researchers for use in extreme conditions. With Russia's help, Belarus is preparing to build its first Antarctic base. Colombia said this year that it planned to join other South American nations with bases in Antarctica.

在所有这些变化中，南极洲保持其吸引力。韩国于2014年开放了第二个南极研究基地，将其描述为测试韩国研究人员开发的用于极端条件下的机器人的方法。在俄罗斯的帮助下，白俄罗斯正准备建造其第一个南极基地。哥伦比亚今年表示计划加入其他在南极洲有基地的南美国家。

Q) "The old days of the Antarctic being dominated by the interests and wishes of white men from European, Australasian and North American states are over," Said Klaus Dodds, a politics scholar at the University of London who specialises in Antarctica. "The reality is that Antarctica is geopolitically contested.

“南极洲由来自欧洲、澳大利亚和北美国家的白人的利益和愿望主导的旧时代已经结束，”专门研究南极洲的伦敦大学政治学者Klaus Dodds说。“现实是，南极洲在地缘政治上是有争议的。”