2020年12月六级第3套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) Picture yourself at a college graduation day, with a fresh cohort (一群) of students about to set sail for new horizons. What are they thinking while they throw their caps in the air? What is it with this thin sheet of paper that makes it so precious? It's not only the proof of acquired knowledge but plays into the reputation game of where you were trained. Being a graduate from Harvard Law School carries that extra glamour, doesn't it? Yet take a closer look, and the diploma is the perfect ending to the modern tragedy of education.

想象一下你在一个大学毕业典礼上，一群即将启航探索新天地的学生。当他们将帽子抛向空中时，他们在想什么？这张薄纸为何如此珍贵？它不仅是所获知识的证明，还关乎你受教育之处的声誉博弈。成为哈佛法学院的毕业生会带来额外的光彩，不是吗？然而，仔细审视，文凭是现代教育悲剧的完美结局。

B) Why? Because universities and curricula are designed along the three units of French classical tragedy: time, action, and place. Students meet at the university campus (unity of place) for classes (unity of action) during their 20s (unity of time). This classical model has traditionally produced prestigious universities, but it is now challenged by the digitalisation of society—which allows everybody who is connected to the internet to access learning—and by the need to acquire skills in step with a fast-changing world. Universities must realise that learning in your 20s won't be enough. If technological diffusion and implementation develop faster, workers will have to constantly refresh their skills.

为什么？因为大学和课程设计遵循法国古典悲剧的三个单元：时间、行动和地点。学生在大学校园（地点的统一）上课（行动的统一），年龄在20多岁（时间的统一）。这种传统模式曾产生知名大学，但现在受到社会数字化的挑战——它让所有连接互联网的人都能获取学习机会——以及需要跟上快速变化的世界技能。大学必须意识到，仅在20多岁学习是不够的。如果技术传播和实施发展得更快，工作者将必须不断更新技能。

C) The university model needs to evolve. It must equip students with the right skills and knowledge to compete in a world 'where value will be derived largely from human interaction and the ability to invent and interpret things that machines cannot', as the English futurist Richard Watson puts it. By teaching foundational knowledge and up-to-date skills, universities will provide students with the future-proof skills of lifelong learning, not just get them 'job-ready'.

大学模式需要进化。它必须赋予学生正确的技能和知识，以在一个'价值将主要来源于人类互动以及发明和解释机器无法处理的事物的能力'的世界中竞争，正如英国未来学家Richard Watson所言。通过教授基础知识和最新技能，大学将为学生提供未来-proof的终身学习技能，而不仅仅是让他们'工作-ready'。

D) Some universities already play a critical role in lifelong learning as they want to keep the value of their diplomas. This new role comes with a huge set of challenges, and needs largely to be invented. One way to start this transformation process could be to go beyond the 'five-year diploma model' to adapt curricula to lifelong learning. We call this model the lifelong passport.

一些大学已经在终身学习中扮演关键角色，因为他们想保持文凭的价值。这个新角色带来了一系列巨大的挑战，很大程度上需要被创造。启动这一转型过程的一种方式可能是超越'五年文凭模式'，使课程适应终身学习。我们称这种模式为终身护照。

E) The Bachelor's degree could be your passport to lifelong learning. For the first few years, students would 'learn to learn' and get endowed with reasoning skills that remain with them for the rest of their lives. For instance, physics allows you to observe and rationalise the world, but also to integrate observations into models and, sometimes, models into theories or laws that can be used to make predictions. Mathematics is the language used to formulate the laws of physics or economy, and to make rigorous computations that turn into predictions. These two disciplines naturally form the foundational pillars of education in technical universities.

学士学位可以成为你通往终身学习的护照。最初几年，学生将'学习如何学习'，并获得终身伴随的推理能力。例如，物理学允许你观察和理性化世界，但也允许你将观察整合成模型，有时将模型转化为可用于预测的理论或定律。数学是用于表述物理学或经济学定律的语言，并进行严格计算以转化为预测。这两门学科自然构成技术大学教育的基础支柱。

F) Recent advances in computational methods and data science push us into rethinking science and engineering. Computers increasingly become principal actors in leveraging data to formulate questions, which requires radically new ways of reasoning. Therefore, a new discipline blending computer science, programming, statistics and machine learning should be added to the traditional foundational topics of mathematics and physics. These three pillars would allow you to keep learning complex technical subjects all your life because numeracy (计算) is the foundation upon which everything else is eventually built.

计算方法和数据科学的最新进展推动我们重新思考科学与工程。计算机日益成为利用数据来表述问题的主要行动者，这需要全新的推理方式。因此，一个融合计算机科学、编程、统计学和机器学习的新学科应被添加到数学和物理学的传统基础主题中。这三大支柱将允许你终身学习复杂的技术科目，因为计算能力是最终构建其他一切的基础。

G) According to this new model, the Master of Science (MSc) would become the first stamp in the lifelong learning journey. The MSc curriculum should prepare students for their professional career by allowing them to focus on acquiring practical skills through projects.

根据这种新模式，理学硕士（MSc）将成为终身学习旅程中的第一个印章。MSc课程应通过让学生专注于通过项目获取实践技能，为他们的职业生涯做准备。

H) Those projects are then interwoven with fast-paced technical modules (模块) learned 'on-the-fly' and 'at will' depending on the nature of the project. If, for instance, your project is developing an integrated circuit, you will have to take a module on advanced concepts in microelectronics. The most critical skills will be developed before the project even starts, in the form of boot camps (短期强化训练), while the rest can be fostered along with the project, putting them to immediate use and thus providing a rich learning context.

这些项目随后与快速的技术模块交织，根据项目的性质'即兴'和'随意'学习。例如，如果你的项目是开发集成电路，你将需要学习微电子学高级概念的模块。最关键技能将在项目开始前以短期强化训练的形式培养，而其余技能可以随着项目一起培养，立即将其投入应用，从而提供丰富的学习背景。

I) In addition to technical capabilities, the very nature of projects develops social and entrepreneurial skills, such as design thinking, initiative taking, team leading, activity reporting or resource planning. Not only will those skills be actually integrated into the curriculum but they will be very important to have in the future because they are difficult to automate.

除了技术能力，项目的本质还培养社交和创业技能，如设计思维、主动性、团队领导、活动报告或资源规划。这些技能不仅将被实际整合到课程中，而且在未来非常重要，因为它们难以自动化。

J) After the MSc diploma is earned, there would be many more stamps of lifelong learning over the years. If universities decide to engage in this learning model, they will have to cope with many organisational challenges that might shake their unity of place and action. First, the number of students would be unpredictable. If all of a university's alumni (往届毕业生) were to become students again, the student body would be much bigger than it is now, and it could become unsustainable for the campus in terms of both size and resources. Second, freshly graduated students would mix with professionally experienced ones. This would change the classroom dynamics, perhaps for the best. Project-based learning with a mixed team reflects the reality of the professional world and could therefore be a better preparation for it.

获得MSc文凭后，多年来将有更多终身学习的印章。如果大学决定采用这种学习模式，他们将不得不应对许多可能动摇其地点和行动统一的组织挑战。首先，学生人数将是不可预测的。如果一所大学的所有往届毕业生都再次成为学生，学生群体将比现在大得多，对于校园在规模和资源上可能变得不可持续。其次，刚毕业的学生将与拥有专业经验的人混合。这可能会改变课堂动态，或许是最好的。基于项目的混合团队学习反映了职业世界的现实，因此可能是更好的准备。

K) Sounds like science fiction? In many countries, part-time studying is not exceptional: on average across OECD countries, part-time students in 2016 represented 20 per cent of enrolment in tertiary education. In many countries, this share is higher and can exceed 40 per cent in Australia, New Zealand and Sweden.

听起来像科幻小说？在许多国家，兼职学习并不罕见：平均而言，在OECD国家，2016年兼职学生占高等教育入学人数的20%。在许多国家，这一比例更高，在澳大利亚、新西兰和瑞典可能超过40%。

L) If lifelong learning were to become a priority and the new norm, diplomas, just like passports, could be revalidated periodically. A time-determined revalidation would ease administration for everybody. Universities as well as employers and employees would know when they have to retrain. For instance, graduates from the year 2000 would have to come back in 2005.

如果终身学习成为优先事项和新常态，文凭就像护照一样，可以定期重新验证。时间确定的重新验证将简化每个人的管理。大学以及雇主和雇员将知道他们何时需要再培训。例如，2000年的毕业生将不得不在2005年回来。

M) This could fix the main organisational challenges for the university, but not for the learners, due to lack of time, family obligations or funds. Here, online learning might be an option because it allows you to save your 'travel time', but it has its limits. So far, none of the major employers associated with online learning platforms such as Coursera and Udacity has committed to hire or even interview graduates of their new online programmes.

这可以解决大学的主要组织挑战，但不能解决学习者的问题，因为缺乏时间、家庭义务或资金。在这里，在线学习可能是一个选项，因为它允许你节省'旅行时间'，但它有限制。迄今为止，与Coursera和Udacity等在线学习平台相关的主要雇主都没有承诺雇佣甚至面试他们新在线项目的毕业生。

N) Even if time were not an issue, who will pay for lifelong learning? That's the eternal debate: should it be the learner's responsibility, that of his employer, or of the state? For example, in Massachusetts, the healthcare professions require continuing education credits, which are carefully evidenced and documented. Yet the same state's lawyers don't require continuing legal education, although most lawyers do participate in it informally. One explanation is that technology is less of a factor in law than it is in healthcare.

即使时间不是问题，谁将为终身学习买单？这是永恒的争论：应该是学习者的责任、雇主的责任还是国家的责任？例如，在马萨诸塞州，医疗保健专业需要继续教育学分，这些学分有仔细的证据和记录。然而，同州的律师不需要继续法律教育，尽管大多数律师非正式地参与其中。一个解释是，技术在法律中的作用不如在医疗保健中那么重要。

O) Europe has many scenarios, but the French and Swiss ones are interesting to compare. In France, every individual has a right to lifelong learning organised via a personal learning account that is credited as you work. In Switzerland, lifelong learning is a personal responsibility and not a government one. However, employers and the state encourage continuing education either by funding parts of it or by allowing employees to attend it.

欧洲有许多情景，但法国和瑞士的情况值得比较。在法国，每个人都有权通过个人学习账户进行终身学习，该账户随着工作而积累学分。在瑞士，终身学习是个人责任，而不是政府责任。然而，雇主和国家通过资助部分费用或允许员工参加来鼓励继续教育。

P) Universities have a fundamental role to play in this journey, and higher education is in for a change. Just like classical theatre, the old university model produced talent and value for society. We are not advocating its abolition but rather calling for the adaptation of its characteristics to meet the needs of today.

大学在这段旅程中扮演着根本性的角色，高等教育即将迎来变革。就像古典戏剧一样，旧的大学模式为社会培养了人才和价值。我们不是在倡导废除它，而是呼吁调整其特点以满足当今的需求。