2019年考研英语一新题型 Part B 原文翻译及答案

A) These tools can help you win every argument - not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Leaming why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments - from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding - then we change the very nature of what it means to ''win" an argument.

这些工具可以帮助你赢得每一场争论——不是以击败对手这种无益的方式，而是以更好的方式了解那些分裂人们的问题。学习为什么他们不同意我们，并学会与他们交谈和合作。如果我们重新调整对争论的看法——从言语打架或网球比赛转变为一种理性的交流，通过这种交流我们都能获得相互尊重和理解——那么我们就改变了“赢得”争论的本质含义。

B) Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.

当然，许多讨论并不那么成功。然而，我们需要小心不要过快指责对手的论点糟糕。我们需要学会如何正确评估它们。评估的很大一部分是指出糟糕的论点，但我们也需要承认对手的好论点，并将同样的批判标准应用于自己。谦逊要求你认识到自己论点中的弱点，有时也要接受对方的理由。

C) None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.

这些都不容易，但即使别人拒绝，你也可以开始。下次当你陈述立场时，为你声称的观点提出一个论点，并诚实地问自己你的论点是否好。下次当你与持立场的人交谈时，要求他们给出他们观点的理由。完整而善意地阐述他们的论点。公正地评估其强度。提出反对意见并仔细倾听他们的回应。

D) Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions - like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

如果争论是打架，卡内基可能是对的，而我们经常这样看待它们。像身体打架一样，言语打架会让双方都受伤。即使你赢了，你最终也没有好多少。如果争论甚至只是竞争——比如网球比赛——你的前景几乎同样黯淡。对手们来回击球，直到从所有参赛者中产生一个赢家。其他人都输了。这种思维方式是为什么那么多人试图避免争论，尤其是关于政治和宗教的争论。

E) In his 19 36 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way . . . to get the best of an argument - and that is to avoid it." This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives - and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

在他1936年的著作《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》中，戴尔·卡内基写道：“只有一种方法……能在争论中占上风——那就是避免它。”这种对争论的厌恶很常见，但它基于一种对争论的错误看法，这种看法给我们的个人和社会生活带来了深刻的问题——并且在许多方面错失了争论的初衷。

F) These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win - in one way.

这些对争论的看法也削弱了理性。如果你将对话视为打架或竞争，只要你没被抓住，你就可以通过作弊获胜。你会乐于用糟糕的论点说服人们。你可以称他们的观点愚蠢，或者开玩笑说他们多么无知。这些技巧都不会帮助你理解他们、他们的立场或分裂你们的问题，但它们可以帮助你获胜——以某种方式。

G) There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes," and I yell, "No," neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.

有一种更好的方式来赢得争论。假设你赞成提高我们州的最低工资，而我则不赞成。如果你喊“是”，我喊“否”，我们俩都学不到任何东西。我们既不理解也不尊重对方，我们没有妥协或合作的基础。相反，假设你给出一个合理的论点：全职工人不应该生活在贫困中。然后我反驳另一个合理的论点：更高的最低工资会迫使企业雇佣更少的人工作更短的时间。现在我们可以理解彼此的立场并认识到我们共同的价值观，因为我们俩都关心贫困工人。