2023年06月四级第2套仔细阅读 Passage 1 原文翻译及答案解析

Supermarkets have long been suffering as one of the thinnest-margined businesses in existence and one of the least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit. For more than a decade, they have been under attack from e-commerce giants, blamed for making Americans fat, and accused of contributing to climate change.

超市长期以来一直作为利润率最低的企业之一而受苦，也是人们最不愿意工作或光顾的地方之一。十多年来，它们一直受到电子商务巨头的攻击，被指责导致美国人肥胖，并被指控助长气候变化。

Supermarkets can technically be defined as giants housing 15,000 to 60,000 different products. The revolutionary idea of a self-service grocery, where people could hunt and gather food from aisles rather than asking a clerk to fetch items from behind a counter, first came about in America. There is some debate about which was the very first, but over the years a consensus has built around King Kullen Supermarket, founded in New York in 1930.

从技术上讲，超市可以被定义为容纳1.5万到6万种不同产品的大型商店。自助杂货店的革命性理念——人们可以从货架上自取食物，而不是让店员从柜台后拿取——首先出现在美国。关于第一家超市存在一些争议，但多年来共识逐渐形成，指向1930年在纽约成立的King Kullen超市。

For some 300 years, Americans had fed themselves from small stores and public markets. Shopping for food involved mud, noisy chickens, clouds of flies, nasty smells, bargaining, and getting short-changed. The supermarket imitated the Fordist factory, with its emphasis on efficiency and standardization, and reimagined it as a place to buy food. Supermarkets may not feel cutting-edge now, but they were a revolution in distribution at the time. They were such strange marvels that, on her first official state visit to the United States in 1957, Queen Elizabeth II insisted on an impromptu (即兴的) tour of a suburban-Maryland Giant Food.

大约300年来，美国人一直从小型商店和公共市场获取食物。购买食物涉及泥泞、吵闹的鸡、成群的苍蝇、难闻的气味、讨价还价和被少找钱。超市模仿了福特主义工厂，强调效率和标准化，并将其重新构想为购买食物的场所。如今超市可能感觉不到前沿，但在当时它们是一场分销革命。它们是如此奇异的奇迹，以至于在1957年伊丽莎白女王二世首次正式国事访问美国时，她坚持要即兴参观马里兰州郊区的Giant Food超市。

The typical supermarket layout has barely changed over the past 90 years. Most stores open with flowers, fruit and vegetables at the front as a breath of freshness to arouse our appetite. Meanwhile, they keep the milk, eggs, and other daily basics all the way back so you'll travel through as much of the store as possible, and be tempted along the way.

典型的超市布局在过去90年里几乎没有变化。大多数商店在入口处摆放鲜花、水果和蔬菜，作为新鲜气息来激发我们的食欲。同时，它们将牛奶、鸡蛋和其他日常必需品放在最里面，这样你就会尽可能多地穿过商店，并在途中被诱惑。

In the early days, as the supermarket multiplied, so did our suspicion of it. We have long feared that this "revolution in distribution" uses corporate black magic on our appetite. The book The Hidden Persuaders, published in 1957, warned that supermarkets were putting women in a "hypnoidal trance (催眠恍惚状态)," causing them to wander aisles bumping into boxes and "picking things off shelves at random."

早期，随着超市数量的增加，我们对它的怀疑也随之增加。我们长期以来一直担心，这场“分销革命”对我们的胃口施展了企业黑魔法。1957年出版的《隐藏的说服者》一书警告说，超市正将女性置于“催眠恍惚状态”，导致她们在过道上徘徊，撞到盒子，并“随意从货架上拿东西”。