2026年06月四级第1套选词填空原文翻译及答案解析

One of the biggest controversies over the Industrial Revolution is how it affected the working class. The oldest debates were over whether the standards of living rose or fell. Those that believed they fell claimed that the capitalists __26__ every ounce of surplus they could from the working class. Those that believed the standards of living rose claimed that the environment was consumer-friendly, with more and more goods __27__ to the working class every year.

关于工业革命的最大争议之一，是它如何影响了工人阶级。最古老的争论是围绕生活水平究竟是上升还是下降展开的。那些认为生活水平下降的人声称，资本家从工人阶级身上榨取了他们所能榨取的每一分剩余价值。那些认为生活水平上升的人则声称，当时的环境是有利于消费者的，每年有越来越多的商品供工人阶级享用。

Today's historians agree that overall, the standards of living __28__. They do not agree, however, on when this improvement __29__.

今天的历史学家一致认为，总体而言，生活水平提高了。然而，对于这种改善是何时发生的，他们意见并不一致。

In an effort to solve this controversy, historians have attempted to define __30__ what "standard of living" means. They all seem to agree that it should mean happiness, but happiness is impossible to measure. Instead, historians __31__ use "real income" as the measure for the standards of living. Real income is money __32__ and then adjusted according to the cost of living. However, it does not take into account unemployment, pollution, health, life expectancy, or free time.

为了解决这一争议，历史学家试图确切地界定"生活水平"究竟意味着什么。他们似乎一致认为它应当指幸福，但幸福是无法衡量的。因此，历史学家通常用"实际收入"作为衡量生活水平的标准。实际收入是指所挣得的钱、再根据生活成本进行调整后的数额。然而，它并未把失业、污染、健康、预期寿命或闲暇时间考虑在内。

After __33__ debate and analysis of the average income, historians have agreed to disagree on whether there was rapid or slow economic growth during the Industrial Revolution. Instead, they have decided to __34__ how the Industrial Revolution was affected by other events. They have determined that the Industrial Revolution had an overall positive __35__, but it quite possibly was neutralized by negative events such as wars, high taxes, and rapid population growth.

经过令人精疲力竭的辩论以及对平均收入的分析，历史学家在工业革命期间经济增长是快是慢的问题上求同存异。相反，他们决定去解读工业革命是如何受到其他事件影响的。他们断定，工业革命总体上产生了积极的影响，但这种影响很可能被战争、高税收和人口快速增长等负面事件所抵消。