2017年06月六级第3套长篇阅读匹配原文翻译及答案

A) Interest in elite high school math competitions has grown in recent years, and in light of last summer's U.S. win at the International Math Olympiad (IMO)-the first for an American team in more than two decades-the trend is likely to continue.

近年来，精英高中数学竞赛的兴趣日益增长，鉴于去年夏天美国在国际数学奥林匹克竞赛（IMO）中获胜——这是美国队二十多年来的首次——这一趋势可能会持续。

B) But will such contests, which are overwhelmingly dominated by Asian and white students from middle- class and affluent families, become any more diverse? Many social and cultural factors play roles in determining which promising students get on the path toward international math recognition. But efforts are in place to expose more black, Hispanic, and low-income students to advanced math, in the hope that the demographic pool of high-level contenders will eventually begin to shift and become less exclusive.

但是，这些竞赛主要由来自中产阶级和富裕家庭的亚裔和白人学生主导，它们会变得更加多元化吗？许多社会和文化因素决定了哪些有潜力的学生能够踏上国际数学认可的道路。但已有努力正在实施，以让更多黑人、西班牙裔和低收入学生接触高等数学，希望高级别竞争者的群体构成最终开始转变，变得不那么排他。

C) "The challenge is if certain types of people are doing something, it's difficult for other people to break into it," said Po-Shen Loh, the head coach of last year's winning U.S. Math Olympiad team. Participation grows through friends and networks and if "you realize that's how they're growing, you can start to take action" and bring in other students, he said.

"挑战在于，如果某些类型的人在做某事，其他人就很难打入其中，"去年获胜的美国数学奥林匹克队主教练罗博深说。参与度通过朋友和网络增长，如果你意识到"那就是他们如何增长的，你可以开始采取行动"并引入其他学生，他说。

D) Most of the training for advanced-math competitions happens outside the confines of the normal school day. Students attend after-school clubs, summer camps, online forums and classes, and university-based "math circles," to prepare for the competitions.

高等数学竞赛的大部分训练发生在正常学校日之外。学生参加课外俱乐部、夏令营、在线论坛和课程，以及大学的"数学圈"，来准备竞赛。

E) One of the largest feeders for high school math competitions — including those that eventually lead to the IMO— is a middle school program called MathCounts. About 100,000 students around the country participate in the program's competition series, which culminates in a national game-show-style contest held each May. The most recent one took place last week in Washington, D.C. Students join a team through their schools, which provide a volunteer coach and pay a nominal fee to send students to regional and state competitions. The 224 students who make it to the national competition get an all-expenses-paid trip.

高中数学竞赛最大的来源之一——包括最终通向IMO的竞赛——是一个名为MathCounts的中学项目。全国约有10万名学生参与该项目的竞赛系列，最终在每年五月举行全国性的游戏节目式竞赛。最近的一次于上周在华盛顿特区举行。学生通过学校加入团队，学校提供志愿教练并支付象征性费用送学生参加地区和州级竞赛。进入全国竞赛的224名学生获得全额资助的旅行。

F) Nearly all members of last year's winning U.S. IMO team took part in MathCounts as middle school students, as did Loh, the coach. "Middle school is an important age because students have enough math capability to solve advanced problems, but they haven't really decided what they want to do with their lives," said Loh. "They often get hooked then."

去年获胜的美国IMO队的几乎所有成员都曾在中学时期参与MathCounts，教练罗博深也是如此。"中学是一个重要的年龄，因为学生有足够的数学能力解决高级问题，但他们还没有真正决定他们想做什么，"罗博深说。"他们通常在那时上瘾。"

G) Another influential feeder for advanced-math students is an online school called Art of Problem Solving, which began about 13 years ago and now has 15,000 users. Students use forums to chat, play games, and solve problems together at no cost, or they can pay a few hundred dollars to take courses with trained teachers. According to Richard Rusczyk, the company founder, the six U.S. team members who competed at the IMO last year collectively took more than 40 courses on the site. Parents of advanced-math students and MathCounts coaches say the children are on the website constantly.

高等数学学生的另一个有影响力的来源是一所名为"问题解决艺术"的在线学校，它始于大约13年前，现在有15,000名用户。学生可以免费使用论坛聊天、玩游戏和一起解决问题，或者他们可以支付几百美元接受训练有素的教师课程。根据公司创始人理查德·鲁斯克的说法，去年参加IMO的六名美国队成员在网站上总共修了40多门课程。高等数学学生的家长和MathCounts教练说孩子们经常上这个网站。

H) There are also dozens of summer camps―many attached to universities — that aim to prepare elite math students. Some are pricey—a three-week intensive program can cost $4,500 or more— but most offer scholarships. The Math Olympiad Summer Training Program is a three-week math camp held by the Mathematical Association of America that leads straight to the international championship and is free for those who make it. Only about 50 students are invited based on their performance on written tests and at the USA Math Olympiad.

还有数十个夏令营——许多附属于大学——旨在培养精英数学学生。有些价格昂贵——一个为期三周的强化课程可能花费4,500美元或更多——但大多数提供奖学金。数学奥林匹克暑期培训项目是由美国数学协会举办的为期三周的数学营，直接通向国际锦标赛，对于入选者免费。只有约50名学生基于他们在笔试和美国数学奥林匹克中的表现被邀请。

I) Students in university towns may also have access to another lever for involvement in accelerated math: math circles. In these groups, which came out of an Eastern European tradition of developing young talent, professors teach promising K-12 students advanced mathematics for several hours after school or on weekends. The Los Angeles Math Circle, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, began in 2007 with 20 students and now has more than 250. "These math circles cost nothing, or they're very cheap for students to get involved in, but you have to know about them," said Rusczyk. "Most people would love to get students from more underserved populations, but they just can't get them in the door. Part of it is communication; part of it is transportation."

大学城的学生也可能有另一个途径参与加速数学：数学圈。这些团体源于东欧培养年轻人才的传统，教授在课后或周末为有潜力的K-12学生教授高等数学几小时。在加州大学洛杉矶分校举行的洛杉矶数学圈始于2007年，最初有20名学生，现在有超过250名。"这些数学圈免费，或者对学生来说参与成本很低，但你必须知道它们的存在，"鲁斯克说。"大多数人愿意从服务不足的人群中招收学生，但他们就是无法让他们进来。部分原因是沟通；部分原因是交通。"

J) It's no secret in the advanced-math community that diversity is a problem. According to Mark Saul, the director of competitions for the Mathematical Association of America, not a single African-American or Hispanic student— and only a handful of girls― has ever made it to the Math Olympiad team in its 50 years of existence. Many schools simply don't prioritize academic competitions." Do you know who we have to beat?" asked Saul. "The football team, the basketball team — that's our competition for resources, student time, attention, school dollars, parent efforts, school enthusiasm."

在高等数学社区，多样性是一个问题不是秘密。根据美国数学协会竞赛总监马克·索尔的说法，在其50年的存在中，没有一个非裔或西班牙裔学生——只有少数女孩——曾进入数学奥林匹克队。许多学校根本不优先考虑学术竞赛。"你知道我们必须打败谁吗？"索尔问道。"足球队、篮球队——那是我们争夺资源、学生时间、注意力、学校资金、家长努力、学校热情的竞争对手。"

K) Teachers in low-income urban and rural areas with no history of participating in math competitions may not know about advanced-math opportunities like MathCounts—and those who do may not have support or feel trained to lead them.

在低收入城市和农村地区，没有参与数学竞赛历史的教师可能不知道像MathCounts这样的高等数学机会——而那些知道的人可能没有支持或感觉没有受过训练来领导它们。

L) But there are initiatives in place to try to get more underrepresented students involved in accelerated math. A New York City-based nonprofit called Bridge to Enter Mathematics runs a residential summer program aimed at getting underserved students, mostly black and Hispanic, working toward math and science careers. The summer after 7th grade, students spend three weeks on a college campus studying advanced math for seven hours a day. Over the next five years, the group helps the students get into other elite summer math programs, high-performing high schools, and eventually college. About 250 students so far have gone through the program, which receives funding from the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation.

但有一些倡议正在实施，试图让更多代表不足的学生参与加速数学。一个名为"桥接进入数学"的纽约市非营利组织运营一个住宿夏令营项目，旨在让服务不足的学生——主要是黑人和西班牙裔——朝着数学和科学职业努力。七年级后的夏天，学生在大学校园里度过三周，每天学习高等数学七小时。在接下来的五年里，该组织帮助学生进入其他精英暑期数学项目、高性能高中，最终进入大学。迄今为止，约有250名学生参加了该项目，该项目由杰克·肯特·库克基金会资助。

M) "If you look at a lot of low-income communities in the United States, there are programs that are serving them, but they're primarily centered around 'Let's get these kids' grades up,' and not around 'let's get these kids access to the same kinds of opportunities as more-affluent kids,'" said Daniel Zaharopol, the founder and executive director of the program. "We're trying to create that pathway." Students apply to the program directly through their schools."We want to reach parents who are not plugged into the system," said Zaharopol.

"如果你看美国很多低收入社区，有服务于他们的项目，但这些项目主要围绕'让我们提高这些孩子的成绩'，而不是'让这些孩子获得与更富裕孩子相同的机会，'"该项目的创始人兼执行董事丹尼尔·扎哈罗波尔说。"我们正试图创造那条途径。"学生直接通过学校申请该项目。"我们希望接触到没有融入系统的家长，"扎哈罗波尔说。

N) In the past few years, MathCounts added two new middle school programs to try to diversify its participant pool — the National Math Club and the Math Video Challenge. Schools or teachers who sign up for the National Math Club receive a kit full of activities and resources, but there's no special teacher training and no competition attached.

在过去几年里，MathCounts增加了两个新的中学项目，以试图多样化其参与者池——全国数学俱乐部和数学视频挑战赛。注册全国数学俱乐部的学校或教师会收到一个装满活动和资源的工具包，但没有特殊的教师培训，也没有附加竞赛。

O) The Math Video Challenge is a competition, but a collaborative one. Teams of four students make a video illustrating a math problem and its real-world application. After the high-pressure Countdown round at this year's national MathCounts competition, in which the top 12 students went head to head solving complex problems in rapid fire, the finalists for the Math Video Challenge took the stage to show their videos. The demographics of that group looked quite different from those in the competition round of the 16 video finalists, 13 were girls and eight were African-American students. The video challenge does not put individual students on the hot seat — so it's less intimidating by design. It also adds the element of artistic creativity to attract a new pool of students who may not see themselves as "math people."

数学视频挑战赛是一个竞赛，但一个协作性的。四名学生组成的团队制作一个视频，阐述一个数学问题及其现实应用。在今年全国MathCounts竞赛的高压倒计时轮之后，其中前12名学生一对一快速解决复杂问题，数学视频挑战赛的决赛选手上台展示他们的视频。该群体的人口统计与竞赛轮中的16名视频决赛选手相比大不相同，其中13名是女孩，8名是非裔美国学生。视频挑战赛不把个别学生放在热点上——所以它在设计上不那么令人畏惧。它还加入了艺术创造力的元素，以吸引可能不自视为"数学人"的新学生池。